{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T13:55:08Z","timestamp":1792504508381,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Perspect Psychol Sci"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Almost since the term \u201cempathy\u201d was coined, there has been scholarly disagreement about its meaning. Today it can best be viewed as an umbrella term encompassing a host of more specific constructs, almost all of which are regularly referred to as \u201cempathy\u201d in some form or fashion. Promiscuous use of this global label to denote very different constructs has impaired communication among and between scholars, practitioners, and the general public. A team of 15 empathy scholars assessed this issue and created a lexicon for these specific lower-order constructs. In this article we report the result of this effort. The lower-order constructs making up this lexicon are\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">vicarious affect<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">emotional contagion<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">emotion co-sharing<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">sympathy<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">compassion<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">personal distress<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">perspective taking<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">accurate inference<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mimicry<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">synchrony<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">projection<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">transportation<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We recommend that this more specific language be used more frequently and that the umbrella term \u201cempathy\u201d be used more sparingly.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/17456916261443519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T17:16:57Z","timestamp":1790356617000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["What We Talk About When We Talk About Empathy: Toward a Common Lexicon of Empathy-Related Constructs"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1108-3898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark H.","family":"Davis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Eckerd College"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9182-0095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Konrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lilly Family School of Philanthropy, Indiana University"},{"name":"Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8949-2598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fritz","family":"Breithaupt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francophone, Italian and Germanic Studies, University of Pennsylvania"},{"name":"MindCORE, University of Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0801-1831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. Daryl","family":"Cameron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University"},{"name":"Rock Ethics Institute, The Pennsylvania State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6165-9891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean","family":"Decety","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, The University of Chicago"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frans B. 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