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However, many contemporary modeling approaches conflict with the tacit assumptions of operationalism as it is implemented in psychology. Counterintuitively, these departures imbue model-based definitions of constructs with superior measurement properties, such as improved reliability and validity, when compared with their operationalizations based directly on observables. Instead of relying on operational definitions of constructs, we instead suggest that psychology should adopt relational definitions or relational operationalizations, representing constructs as latent variables in a multilevel generative model of behavior, self-report, or neuroimaging data. These model-based metrics can better reflect measurement error at multiple levels, account for the interactions between measurement devices (tasks, scales) and measurement objects (participants, processes), provide a holistic account of latent constructs and how they manifest across different measurements, facilitate convergence or discrimination tests among different tasks seeking to measure the same construct, and improve scientific communication by clarifying core psychological concepts. Relational definitions of important constructs should naturally emerge as researchers apply models more regularly, and these definitions and models will improve as researchers discover mathematical approaches that are suited to describing psychological processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/17456916261471413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T22:28:47Z","timestamp":1791412127000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Moving on From Simple Operationalism: Anchoring Theoretical Constructs in Rich Relational Models"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3195-8452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter D.","family":"Kvam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8540-4052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhay","family":"Alaukik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allport F. 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