{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:44:59Z","timestamp":1792795499411,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,18]],"date-time":"2021-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000275","name":"Leverhulme Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RPG-2019-051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RPG-2019-051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000275","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Proponents of good-enough processing suggest that readers often (mis)interpret certain sentences using fast-and-frugal heuristics, such that for non-canonical sentences (e.g., The dog was bitten by the man) people confuse the thematic roles of the nouns. We tested this theory by examining the effect of sentence canonicality on the reading of a follow-up sentence. In a self-paced reading study, 60 young and 60 older adults read an implausible sentence in either canonical (e.g., It was the peasant that executed the king) or non-canonical form (e.g., It was the king that was executed by the peasant), followed by a sentence that was implausible given a good-enough misinterpretation of the first sentence (e.g., Afterwards, the peasant rode back to the countryside) or a sentence that was implausible given a correct interpretation of the first sentence (e.g., Afterwards, the king rode back to his castle). We hypothesised that if non-canonical sentences are systematically misinterpreted, then sentence canonicality would differentially affect the reading of the two different follow-up types. Our data suggested that participants derived the same interpretations for canonical and non-canonical sentences, with no modulating effect of age group. Our findings suggest that readers do not derive an incorrect interpretation of non-canonical sentences during initial parsing, consistent with theories of misinterpretation effects that instead attribute these effects to post-interpretative processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/17470218211032043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]],"date-time":"2021-06-29T07:10:16Z","timestamp":1624950616000},"page":"30-42","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Online representations of non-canonical sentences are more than good-enough"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3649-1142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael G","family":"Cutter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8150-8628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin B","family":"Paterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9022-8364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruth","family":"Filik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-17470218211032043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anders T. R., Fozard J. L., Lillyquist T. D. (1972). Effects of age upon retrieval from short-term memory. Developmental Psychology, 6, 214\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0032103","DOI":"10.1037\/h0032103"},{"key":"bibr2-17470218211032043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anwyl-Irvine A. L., Massoni\u00e9 J., Flitton A., Kirkham N., Evershed J. K. (2020). Gorilla in our midst: An online behavioural experiment builder. Behavior Research Methods, 52, 388\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-019-01237-x","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-019-01237-x"},{"key":"bibr3-17470218211032043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bader M., Meng M. (2018). The misinterpretation of noncanonical sentences revisited. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 44, 1286\u20131311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/xlm0000519","DOI":"10.1037\/xlm0000519"},{"key":"bibr4-17470218211032043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bridges D., Pitiot A., MacAskill M. R., Peirce J. W. (2020). The timing mega-study: Comparing a range of experiment generators, both lab-based and online. PeerJ, 8, e9414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.9414","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.9414"},{"key":"bibr5-17470218211032043","unstructured":"B\u00fcrkner P. C. (2020). Brms (Version 2.14.4). https:\/\/github.com\/paul-buerkner\/brms"},{"key":"bibr6-17470218211032043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christianson K., Hollingworth A., Halliwell J. F., Ferreira F. (2001). Thematic roles assigned along the garden path linger. Cognitive Psychology, 42, 368\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/cogp.2001.0752","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.2001.0752"},{"key":"bibr7-17470218211032043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christianson K., Luke S. G., Ferreira F. (2010). Effects of plausibility on structural priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36, 538\u2013544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0018027","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018027"},{"key":"bibr8-17470218211032043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christianson K., Williams C. C., Zacks R. T., Ferreira F. (2006). Younger and older adults\u2019 \u201cgood-enough\u201d interpretations of garden-path sentences. Discourse Processes, 42, 205\u2013238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15326950dp4202_6","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326950dp4202_6"},{"key":"bibr9-17470218211032043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dwivedi V. D. (2013). Interpreting quantifier scope ambiguity: Evidence of heuristics first, algorithmic second processing. PLOS ONE, 8, Article e81461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0081461","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081461"},{"key":"bibr10-17470218211032043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira F. (2003). The misinterpretation of noncanonical sentences. Cognitive Psychology, 47, 164\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0010-0285(03)00005-7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0285(03)00005-7"},{"key":"bibr11-17470218211032043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira F., Christianson K., Hollingworth A. (2001). Misinterpretations of garden-path sentences: Implications for models of sentence processing and reanalysis. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 30, 3\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1005290706460","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005290706460"},{"key":"bibr12-17470218211032043","volume-title":"Construal","author":"Frazier L.","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr13-17470218211032043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibson E., Bergen L., Piantadosi S. T. (2013). Rational integration of noisy evidence and prior semantic expectations in sentence interpretation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110, 8051\u20138056. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1216438110","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1216438110"},{"key":"bibr14-17470218211032043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibson E., Tan C., Futrell R., Mahowald K., Hemforth B., Fedorenko E. (2017). Don\u2019t underestimate the benefits of being misunderstood. Psychological Science, 28, 703\u2013712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956797617690277","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797617690277"},{"key":"bibr15-17470218211032043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamm V. P., Hasher L. (1992). Age and the availability of inferences. Psychology and Aging, 7, 56\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0882-7974.7.1.56","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0882-7974.7.1.56"},{"key":"bibr16-17470218211032043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartshorne J. K., Germine L. T. (2015). When does cognitive functioning peak? The asynchronous rise and fall of different cognitive abilities across the lifespan. Psychological Science, 26, 433\u2013443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956797614567339","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797614567339"},{"key":"bibr17-17470218211032043","first-page":"653","volume-title":"Cognitive regulation of performance","author":"Hasher L.","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr18-17470218211032043","volume-title":"The theory of probability","author":"Jeffreys H.","year":"1961"},{"key":"bibr19-17470218211032043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karimi H., Ferreira F. (2016). Good-enough linguistic representation and online cognitive equilibrium in language processing. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 69, 1013\u20131040. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17470218.2015.1053951","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2015.1053951"},{"key":"bibr20-17470218211032043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kass R. E., Raftery A. E. (1995). Bayes factors. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 90, 773\u2013795. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01621459.1995.10476572","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1995.10476572"},{"key":"bibr21-17470218211032043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klaus J., Schriefers H. (2016). Measuring verbal working memory capacity: A reading span task for laboratory and web-based use. PsyArXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17605\/OSF.IO\/NJ48X","DOI":"10.31219\/osf.io\/nj48x"},{"key":"bibr22-17470218211032043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee C. L., Federmeier K. D. (2011). Differential age effects on lexical ambiguity resolution mechanisms. Psychophysiology, 48, 960\u2013972. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2010.01158.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2010.01158.x"},{"key":"bibr23-17470218211032043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139087759"},{"key":"bibr24-17470218211032043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levy R. (2008). A noisy-channel model of human sentence comprehension under uncertain input. In Proceeding of the 2008 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing (pp. 234\u2013243). https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/D08-1025\/","DOI":"10.3115\/1613715.1613749"},{"key":"bibr25-17470218211032043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim J. H., Christianson K. (2013a). Integrating meaning and structure in L1-L2 and L2-LI translations. Second Language Research, 29, 233\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0267658312462019","DOI":"10.1177\/0267658312462019"},{"key":"bibr26-17470218211032043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim J. H., Christianson K. (2013b). Second language sentence processing in reading for comprehension and translation. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 16, 518\u2013537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1366728912000351","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728912000351"},{"key":"bibr27-17470218211032043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacDonald M. C., Pearlmutter N. J., Seidenberg M. S. (1994). The lexical nature of syntactic ambiguity resolution. Psychological Review, 101, 676\u2013703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295X.101.4.676","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033-295X.101.4.676"},{"key":"bibr28-17470218211032043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malyutina S., den Ouden D. B. (2016). What is it that lingers? Garden-path (mis)interpretations in younger and older adults. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 69, 880\u2013906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17470218.2015.1045530","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2015.1045530"},{"key":"bibr29-17470218211032043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng M., Bader M. (2021). Does comprehension (sometimes) go wrong for noncanonical sentences? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 74, 1\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1747021820947940","DOI":"10.1177\/1747021820947940"},{"key":"bibr30-17470218211032043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Payne B. R., Silcox J. W. (2019). Aging, context processing, and comprehension. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 71, 215\u2013264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.plm.2019.07.001","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.plm.2019.07.001"},{"key":"bibr31-17470218211032043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rayner K., Warren T., Juhasz B. J., Liversedge S. P. (2004). The effect of plausibility on eye movements in reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30, 1290\u20131301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0278-7393.30.6.1290","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.30.6.1290"},{"key":"bibr32-17470218211032043","unstructured":"R Core Team. (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. http:\/\/www.Rproject.org\/"},{"key":"bibr33-17470218211032043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rouder J. N., Morey R. D., Speckman P. L., Province J. M. (2012). Default Bayes factors for ANOVA designs. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 56, 356\u2013374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmp.2012.08.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmp.2012.08.001"},{"key":"bibr34-17470218211032043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanford A. J., Sturt P. (2002). Depth of processing in language comprehensions: Not noticing the evidence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6, 382\u2013386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1364-6613(02)01958-7","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(02)01958-7"},{"key":"bibr35-17470218211032043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slattery T. J., Sturt P., Christianson K., Yoshida M., Ferreira F. (2013). Lingering misinterpretations of garden path sentences arise from competing syntactic representations. Journal of Memory and Language, 69, 104\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jml.2013.04.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2013.04.001"},{"key":"bibr36-17470218211032043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stine-Morrow E. A. L., Miller L. M. S., Hertzog C. (2006). Aging and self-regulated language processing. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 582\u2013606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.132.4.582","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.132.4.582"},{"key":"bibr37-17470218211032043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sturt P. (2007). Semantic re-interpretation and garden path recovery. Cognition, 105, 477\u2013488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cognition.2006.10.009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2006.10.009"},{"key":"bibr38-17470218211032043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swets B., Desmet T., Clifton C., Ferreira F. (2008). Underspecification of syntactic ambiguities: Evidence from self-paced reading. Memory & Cognition, 36, 201\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/MC.36.1.201","DOI":"10.3758\/MC.36.1.201"},{"key":"bibr39-17470218211032043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/6184.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr40-17470218211032043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waters G. S., Caplan D. (2001). Age, working memory, and on-line syntactic processing in sentence comprehension. Psychology and Aging, 16, 128\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0882-7974.16.1.128","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0882-7974.16.1.128"},{"key":"bibr41-17470218211032043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou P., Christianson K. (2016). I \u201chear\u201d what you\u2019re \u201csaying\u201d: Auditory perceptual simulation, reading speed, and reading comprehension. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 69, 972\u2013995. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17470218.2015.1018282","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2015.1018282"}],"container-title":["Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/17470218211032043","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/17470218211032043","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/17470218211032043","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T07:06:48Z","timestamp":1777705608000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/17470218211032043"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,18]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/17470218211032043"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17470218211032043","relation":{},"ISSN":["1747-0218","1747-0226"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1747-0218","type":"print"},{"value":"1747-0226","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,18]]}}}