{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T12:35:42Z","timestamp":1790166942761,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]],"date-time":"2025-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]],"date-time":"2025-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745712000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Templeton Religion Trust Project Grant","award":["TRT-2021-10476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TRT-2021-10476"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Aesthetic Cognitivism posits that artworks have the potential to enhance open-mindedness. However, this claim has not yet been explored empirically. Here, we present two experiments that investigate the extent to which two formal features of the film \u2013 temporal and perspectival complexity \u2013 can \u2018open our minds\u2019. In Experiment 1, we manipulated the temporal complexity of the film. Participants (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>total<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u2009100) watched a film (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Memento<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) either in its original non-chronological order or the same film in chronological order. In Experiment 2, we manipulated perspectival complexity in film. Participants (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>total<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u2009100) watched an excerpt from a film (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Jackie Brown<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) that either included the perspectives of multiple characters on an event or a single character\u2019s perspective on the same event. Film conditions in both experiments were further compared with a control condition in which participants did not watch a film (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200950). Participants\u2019 open-mindedness was assessed in both experiments through four empirical indicators (creativity, imaginability, cognitive flexibility, openness to new evidence) and in Experiment 2, participants\u2019 eye movements, heart rate and electrodermal activity were measured while watching the film. Results showed that watching films, regardless of their temporal or perspectival complexity, modulated only one facet of open-mindedness \u2013 cognitive flexibility \u2013 when compared to the no-film control condition, providing only limited support for the aesthetic cognitivist claim that artistic films can \u2018open our minds\u2019. Real-time measures in Experiment 2 revealed that pupil size and number of fixations were modulated by perspectival complexity: both were smaller when watching a film from multiple perspectives compared to a single perspective. Possible explanations for this difference are examined in relation to the viewers\u2019 cognitive processes involved in understanding and interpreting film content.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/17470218251333747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T07:21:28Z","timestamp":1743578488000},"page":"102-123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Art opening minds: An experimental study on the effects of temporal and perspectival complexity in film on open-mindedness"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9164-0203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Carbone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Kent Canterbury, Canterbury, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail","family":"Pitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Kent Canterbury, Canterbury, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Nyhout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Kent Canterbury, Canterbury, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7791-8467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stacie","family":"Friend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murray","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Arts, University of Kent Canterbury, Canterbury, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1575-4820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather J","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Kent Canterbury, Canterbury, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson D. R. Huston A. C. Schmitt K. L. Linebarger D. L. Wright J. C. Larson R. (2001). Early childhood television viewing and adolescent behavior: The recontact study. Monographs of the society for Research in Child Development 66(1 Serial No. 264). https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/3181552","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-5834.00124"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arffa S. Lovell M. Podell K. Goldberg E. (1998). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in above average and superior school children: Relationship to intelligence and age. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 13(8) 713\u2013720. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0887-6177(98)00007-9","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/13.8.713"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azizi N. Khonamri F. Stranovsk\u00e1 E. Akimjakov\u00e1 B. Kholov S. Dolzhikova A. (2023). Analysis of English literature student\u2019s preference of reading literary books or watching the movie adaptation and their accounts for the tendency. Journal of Education Culture and Society 14(2) 401\u2013413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15503\/jecs2023.2.401.413","DOI":"10.15503\/jecs2023.2.401.413"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199604074.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5749\/j.ctt22727z1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baron J. (1993). Why teach thinking? An essay. Applied Psychology: An International Review 42 191\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1464-0597.1993.tb00731.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-0597.1993.tb00731.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barr R. Lauricella A. Zack E. Calvert S. L. (2010). Infant and early childhood exposure to adult-directed and child-directed television programming. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 56 21\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/mpq.0.0038","DOI":"10.1353\/mpq.0.0038"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","volume-title":"S\/Z: An essay","author":"Barthes R.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Barthes R. (1974). S\/Z: An essay. Hill and Wang."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","volume-title":"Narratives with an impact: Linguistic features of cognitive and emotional engagement in transportation","author":"Benesh N. A.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Benesh N. A. (2011). Narratives with an impact: Linguistic features of cognitive and emotional engagement in transportation. The University of Memphis."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","volume-title":"Narration in the fiction film","author":"Bordwell D.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Bordwell D. (1985). Narration in the fiction film. University of Wisconsin Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-1126-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","volume-title":"Brecht on theatre: The development of an aesthetic","author":"Brecht B.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Brecht B. (1964). Brecht on theatre: The development of an aesthetic. Hill and Wang."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444305708"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/lal.27.15cal"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell D. T. (1960). Blind variation and selective retention in creative thought as in other knowledge processes. Psychological Review 67(6) 380\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0040373","DOI":"10.1037\/h0040373"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chevalier N. Sheffield T. D. Nelson J. M. Clark C. A. C. Wiebe S. A. Espy K. A. (2012). Underpinnings of the costs of flexibility in preschool children: The roles of inhibition and working memory. Developmental Neuropsychology 37(2) 99\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/87565641.2011.632458","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2011.632458"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Consoli G. (2018). Preliminary steps towards a cognitive theory of fiction and its effects. Journal of Cultural Cognitive Science 2(1\u20132) 85\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41809-018-0019-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s41809-018-0019-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cotter K. N. Rodriguez-Boerwinkle R. M. Christensen A. P. Fekete A. Smith J. K. Smith L. F. Tinio P. L. Silvia P. J. (2023). Updating the Aesthetic Fluency Scale: Revised long and short forms for research in the psychology of the arts. PLoS One 18(2) e0281547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0281547","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281547"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Creer S. D. Cook A. E. O\u2019Brien E. J. (2019). Taking the perspective of the narrator. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72(5) 1055\u20131067. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1747021818779496","DOI":"10.1177\/1747021818779496"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","first-page":"200","volume-title":"Handbook of psychophysiology","author":"Dawson M. E.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dawson M. E., Schell A. M., Filion D. L. (2000). The electrodermal system. In Cacioppo J. T., Tassinary L. G., Berntson G. G. (Eds.), Handbook of psychophysiology (pp. 200\u2013223). Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Djikic M. Oatley K. Moldoveanu M. C. (2013). Opening the closed mind: The effect of exposure to literature on the need for closure. Creativity Research Journal 25(2) 149\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10400419.2013.783735","DOI":"10.1080\/10400419.2013.783735"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodell-Feder D. Tamir D. I. (2018). Fiction reading has a small positive impact on social cognition: A meta-analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 147(12) 1713\u20131727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/xge0000395","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000395"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eisen S. Lillard A. S. (2020). Media use and development of executive function. The International Encyclopedia of Media Psychology 1\u20137 emp0220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781119011071.iemp0220","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119011071.iemp0220"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fogarty C. Stern J. A. (1989). Eye movements and blinks: their relationship to higher cognitive processes. International Journal of Psychophysiology 8(1) 35\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0167-8760(89)90017-2","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8760(89)90017-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230227453_8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galinsky A. D. Moskowitz G. B. (2000). Perspective-taking: Decreasing stereotype expression stereotype accessibility and in-group favoritism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78(4) 708\u2013724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.78.4.708","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.78.4.708"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"George D. Wiley C. (2019). Fixation flexibility and forgetting during alternate uses tasks. Psychology of Aesthetics Creativity and the Arts 13(3) 305\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/aca0000173","DOI":"10.1037\/aca0000173"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","first-page":"87","volume-title":"Puzzle films: Complex storytelling in contemporary cinema","author":"Ghislotti S.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ghislotti S. (2009). Narrative comprehension made difficult: Film form and mnemonic devices in Memento. In Buckland W. (Ed.), Puzzle films: Complex storytelling in contemporary cinema (pp. 87\u2013106). Wiley-Blackwell."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green M. C. Brock T. C. (1996). The role of transportation in the persuasiveness of public narratives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 71(5) 828\u2013839. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/\/0022-3514.79.5.701","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-3514.79.5.701"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","first-page":"315","volume-title":"Narrative impact: Social and cognitive foundations","author":"Green M. C.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Green M. C., Brock T.C. (2002). In the mind\u2019s eye: Imagery and transportation into narrative worlds. In Green M. C., Strange J. J., Brock T. C. (Eds.), Narrative impact: Social and cognitive foundations (pp. 315\u2013341). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","volume-title":"The nature of human intelligence","author":"Guildford J. P.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Guildford J. P. (1967). The nature of human intelligence. McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0063487"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassabis D. Kumaran D. Maguire E. A. (2007). Using imagination to understand the neural basis of episodic memory. Journal of Neuroscience 27(52) 14365\u201314374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4549-07.2007","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4549-07.2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herman J. L. Stevens M. J. Bird A. Mendenhall M. Oddou G. (2010). The tolerance for ambiguity scale: Towards a more refined measure for international management research. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 34(1) 58\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijintrel.2009.09.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijintrel.2009.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hurley R. F. (1995). Group culture and its effect on innovative productivity. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management 12(1\u20132) 57\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0923-4748(95)00004-6","DOI":"10.1016\/0923-4748(95)00004-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","unstructured":"Iu K. H. Y. (2003). Relationship between Hong Kong children\u2019s creativity and their television viewing habits. Department of Applied Social Studies. http:\/\/dspace.cityu.edu.hk\/handle\/2031\/3567"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203876596"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kant R. (2012). A Study of creativity of secondary school children as a correlate of some Television Viewing Habits. International Journal of Modern Education and Computer Science 4(10) 33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5815\/ijmecs.2012.10.05","DOI":"10.5815\/ijmecs.2012.10.05"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaufman J. C. Beghetto R. A. (2009). Beyond big and little: The four C model of creativity. Review of General Psychology 13 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0013688","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013688"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kidd D. C. Castano E. (2013). Reading literary fiction improves theory of mind. Science 342(6156) 377\u2013380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1239918","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1239918"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781474406734"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kruglanski A. W. Webster D. M. Klem A. (1993). Motivated resistance and openness to persuasion in the presence or absence of prior information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65 861\u2013876. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.65.5.861","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.65.5.861"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","volume-title":"Approaches to training and development","author":"Laird D.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Laird D. (1985). Approaches to training and development. Addison-Wesley."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lillard A. S. Peterson J. (2011). The immediate impact of different types of television on young children\u2019s executive function. Pediatrics 128 644\u2013649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2010-1919","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-1919"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lillard A. S. Drell M. B. Richey E. M. Boguszewski K. Smith E. D. (2015). Further examination of the immediate impact of television on children\u2019s executive function. Developmental psychology 51(6) 792. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0039097","DOI":"10.1037\/a0039097"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lillard A. S. Li H. Boguszewski K. (2015). Television and children\u2019s executive function. Advances in Child Development and Behavior 48 219\u2013248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.acdb.2014.11.006","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acdb.2014.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/0199277346.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mannucci P. V. Yong K. (2018). The differential impact of knowledge depth and knowledge breadth on creativity over individual careers. Academy of Management Journal 61(5) 1741\u20131763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5465\/amj.2016.0529","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2016.0529"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mittell J. (2006). Narrative complexity in contemporary American television. The Velvet Light Trap 58(1) 29\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/vlt.2006.0032","DOI":"10.1353\/vlt.2006.0032"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miyake A. Friedman N. P. Emerson M. J. Witzki A. H. Howerter A. Wager T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex \u2018frontal lobe\u2019 tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology 41(1) 49\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/cogp.1999.0734","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1999.0734"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mumper M. L. Gerrig R. J. (2017). Leisure reading and social cognition: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Aesthetics Creativity and the Arts 11(1) 109\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/aca0000089","DOI":"10.1037\/aca0000089"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nathanson A. I. Alad\u00e9 F. Sharp M. L. Rasmussen E. E. Christy K. (2014). The relation between television exposure and executive function among preschoolers. Developmental Psychology 50(5) 1497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0035714","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035714"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nour M. M. Evans L. Nutt D. Carhart-Harris R. L. (2016). Ego-dissolution and psychedelics: validation of the ego-dissolution inventory (EDI). Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 10 269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00269","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00269"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oatley K. (1999). Meetings of minds: Dialogue sympathy and identification in reading fiction. Poetics 26(5) 439\u2013454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0304-422X(99)00011-X","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-422X(99)00011-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Odewumi M. O. Falade A. A. Adeniran A. O. (2018). Learning creative arts via instructional television. Journal of Elementary Education 11(4) 357\u2013372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18690\/rei.11.3.357-372.2018","DOI":"10.18690\/rei.11.3.357-372.2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panero M. E. Weisberg D. S. Black J. M. Goldstein T. R. Barnes J. L. Brownell H. Winner E. (2016). Does reading a single passage of literary fiction really improve theory of mind? An attempt at replication. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 111(5) e46\u2013e54. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pspa0000064","DOI":"10.1037\/pspa0000064"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pelaprat E. Cole M. (2011). \u2018Minding the gap\u2019: Imagination creativity and human cognition. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science 45(4) 397\u2013418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12124-011-9176-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s12124-011-9176-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_1","volume-title":"Facilitation of adult creativity through television programs","author":"Roberts M. C.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Roberts M. C., La Greca A. M., Raymond B. A. (1978). Facilitation of adult creativity through television programs. Scientific Research Publishing."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roets A. Van Hiel A. (2011). Item selection and validation of a brief 15-item version of the Need for Closure Scale. Personality and Individual Differences 50(1) 90\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2010.09.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2010.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Runco M. A. Pezdek K. (1984). The effect of radio and television on children\u2019s creativity. Human Communications Research 11 109\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1984.tb00040.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1984.tb00040.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salem S. Weskott T. Holler A. (2017). Does narrative perspective influence readers\u2019 perspective-taking? An empirical study on free indirect discourse psycho-narration and first-person narration. Glossa 2(1) 61. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5334\/gjgl.225","DOI":"10.5334\/gjgl.225"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samur D. Tops M. Koole S. L. (2018). Does a single session of reading literary fiction prime enhanced mentalising performance? Four replication experiments of Kidd and Castano (2013). Cognition & Emotion 32(1) 130\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02699931.2017.1279591","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2017.1279591"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Russian formalist criticism","author":"Shklovsky V.","unstructured":"Shklovsky V. (1917\u20131922\/1991). Art as technique. In Lemon L. T., Reiss M. (Eds.), Russian formalist criticism (pp. 3\u201325). University of Nebraska Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silvia P. J. Berg C. (2011). Finding movies interesting: How appraisals and expertise influence the aesthetic experience of film. Empirical Studies of the Arts 29(1) 73\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2190\/EM.29.1.e","DOI":"10.2190\/EM.29.1.e"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simonton D. K. (2003). Scientific creativity as constrained stochastic behavior: The integration of product person and process perspectives. Psychological Bulletin 129(4) 475\u2013494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.129.4.475","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.4.475"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_1","volume-title":"Engaging characters: Fiction, emotion, and the cinema","author":"Smith M.","unstructured":"Smith M. (1995\/2022). Engaging characters: Fiction, emotion, and the cinema (Revised 2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_1","first-page":"130","volume-title":"Post-theory: Reconstructing film studies","author":"Smith M.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Smith M. (1996). The logic and legacy of Brechtianism. In Bordwell D., Carroll N. (Eds.), Post-theory: Reconstructing film studies (pp. 130\u2013148). University of Wisconsin Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198790648.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanovich K. E. West R. F. (1997). Reasoning independently of prior belief and individual differences in actively open-minded thinking. Journal of Educational Psychology 89(2) 342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-0663.89.2.342","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.89.2.342"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Svedholm-H\u00e4kkinen A. M. Lindeman M. (2017). Actively open-minded thinking: Development of a shortened scale and disentangling attitudes towards knowledge and people. Thinking & Reasoning 24(1) 21\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13546783.2017.1378723","DOI":"10.1080\/13546783.2017.1378723"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson E. R. (2008). Development and validation of an international English big-five mini-markers. Personality and Individual Differences 45(6) 542\u2013548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2008.06.013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2008.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691213156"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vago D. R. Silbersweig D. A. (2012). Self-awareness self-regulation and self-transcendence (S-ART): a framework for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 6 296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00296","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00296"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_1","volume-title":"Encyclopaedia of creativity","author":"Valkenburg P. M.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Valkenburg P. M. (1999). Television and creativity. In Runco M., Pritzer S. (Eds.), Encyclopaedia of creativity (Volume II). (pp. 651\u2013658). Academic Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Voort T. H. Valkenburg P. M. (1994). Television\u2032 s impact on fantasy play: A review of research. Developmental Review 14(1) 27\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/drev.1994.1002","DOI":"10.1006\/drev.1994.1002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_1","volume-title":"Ostrannenie \u2013 On \u2018Strangeness\u2019 and the moving image: The history, relevance, and reception of a concept","author":"Van den Oever A","year":"2010","unstructured":"Van den Oever A. (Ed.). (2010). Ostrannenie \u2013 On \u2018Strangeness\u2019 and the moving image: The history, relevance, and reception of a concept. Amsterdam University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Kuijk I. Verkoeijen P. Dijkstra K. Zwaan R. A. (2018). The effect of reading a short passage of literary fiction on theory of mind: A replication of Kidd and Castano (2013). Collabra: Psychology 4(1) 7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1525\/collabra.117","DOI":"10.1525\/collabra.117"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5040\/9781501329012.0010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781800735927"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wimmer L. Currie G. Friend S. Ferguson H. J. (2021). The effects of reading narrative fiction on social and moral cognition: Two experiments following a multi-method approach. Scientific Study of Literature 11(2) 223\u2013265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1075\/ssol.21010.wim","DOI":"10.1075\/ssol.21010.wim"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wimmer L. Currie G. Friend S. Ferguson H. J. (2022). Opening the closed mind? Effects of reading literary fiction on need for closure and creativity. Creativity Research Journal 36(1) 24\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10400419.2022.2087309","DOI":"10.1080\/10400419.2022.2087309"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wimmer L. Currie G. Friend S. Wittwer J. Ferguson H. J. (2024). Cognitive effects and correlates of reading fiction: Two pre-registered multi-level meta-analyses. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 153(6) 1464\u20131488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/xge0001583","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0001583"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wimmer L. Friend S. Currie G. Ferguson H. J. (2021). Reading fictional narratives to improve social and moral cognition: The influence of narrative perspective transportation and identification. Frontiers in Communication 5 611935. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcomm.2020.611935","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomm.2020.611935"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zimmerman F. J. Christakis D. A. (2007). Associations between content types of early media exposure and subsequent attentional problems. Pediatrics 120(5) 986\u2013992. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2006-3322","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-3322"}],"container-title":["Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/17470218251333747","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/17470218251333747","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/17470218251333747","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T10:47:36Z","timestamp":1787395656000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/17470218251333747"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/17470218251333747"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17470218251333747","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1177\/17470218251333747\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1177\/17470218251333747\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1177\/17470218251333747\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1177\/17470218251333747\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1177\/17470218251333747\/v3\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1177\/17470218251333747\/v2\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1177\/17470218251333747\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1177\/17470218251333747\/v3\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1177\/17470218251333747\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1747-0218","1747-0226"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1747-0218","type":"print"},{"value":"1747-0226","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]]}}}