{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T01:03:08Z","timestamp":1777942988287,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003977","name":"Israel Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1462\/23 to SGD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1462\/23 to SGD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003977","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003977","name":"Israel Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1485\/18 to SGD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1485\/18 to SGD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003977","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiple findings suggest that human visual perception exhibits extensive size invariance (i.e., insensitivity to retinal image size changes) for multiple object categories. This is often investigated when retinal image size changes following real-world image size changes, but viewing distance is kept constant, a situation that does not reflect daily vision where objects retain their real-world size and their image size on the retina changes as a function of viewing distance. Here, we measured face discrimination performance to parametrically growing face differences and assessed size invariance by examining whether performance was sensitive to retinal image size changes employing multiple methods (e.g., human performance deviation from that of the ideal observer). Importantly, retinal image size changes were applied either naturalistically (when faces kept their world size but were more distant) or lab-like (where faces changed their world size while viewing distance was constant). We found that (i) the difference detection threshold (DT) was not influenced by retinal size changes or viewing distances we manipulated, (ii) face discrimination was significantly worse for smaller retinal image sizes (for both naturalistic and for lab-like conditions), (iii) worse face discrimination performance at smaller retinal image sizes were significantly associated between naturalistic and lab-like conditions. Our results indicate that face discrimination shows imperfect invariance to retinal size and, importantly, this appears independent of viewing distance. Since face perception may rely on face-specific mechanisms, future work should examine whether these results generalize to additional object categories.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/17470218261434960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T07:19:42Z","timestamp":1773386382000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Imperfect Size Invariance in Face Discrimination"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7508-5989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Kreichman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Life Science, Bar-Ilan University, Israel"},{"name":"Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7027-2103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shlomit","family":"Zorani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Life Science, Bar-Ilan University, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8375-2173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon","family":"Gilaie-Dotan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Life Science, Bar-Ilan University, Israel"},{"name":"Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Israel"},{"name":"UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aviezer H. Trope Y. Todorov A. (2012). Holistic person processing: Faces with bodies tell the whole story. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 103(1) 20\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0027411","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027411"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braje W. L. Tjan B. S. Legge G. E. (1995). Human efficiency for recognizing and detecting low-pass filtered objects. Vision Research 35(21) 2955\u20132966. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0042-6989(95)00071-7","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(95)00071-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brook L. Kreichman O. Masarwa S. Gilaie-Dotan S. (2024). Higher-contrast images are better remembered during naturalistic encoding. Scientific Reports 14(1) Article 13445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-63953-5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-63953-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buckley D. Frisby J. P. Blake A. (1996). Does the human visual system implement an ideal observer theory of slant from texture? Vision Research 36(8) 1163\u20131176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0042-6989(95)00177-8","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(95)00177-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burgess A. E. Wagner R. F. Jennings R. J. Barlow H. B. (1981). Efficiency of human visual signal discrimination. Science 214(4516) 93\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.7280685","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7280685"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen J. Sperandio I. Henry M. J. Goodale M. A. (2019). Changing the real viewing distance reveals the temporal evolution of size constancy in visual cortex. Current Biology 29(13) 2237\u20132243.e4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2019.05.069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.05.069"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Heering A. Houthuys S. Rossion B. (2007). Holistic face processing is mature at 4 years of age: Evidence from the composite face effect. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 96(1) 57\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jecp.2006.07.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2006.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duchaine B. Nakayama K. (2006). The Cambridge Face Memory Test: Results for neurologically intact individuals and an investigation of its validity using inverted face stimuli and prosopagnosic participants. Neuropsychologia 44(4) 576\u2013585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2005.07.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2005.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farah M. J. Wilson K. D. Drain M. Tanaka J. N. (1998). What is \u201cspecial\u201d about face perception? Psychological Review 105(3) 482\u2013498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295X.105.3.482","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.105.3.482"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furmanski C. S. Engel S. A. (2000). Perceptual learning in object recognition: Object specificity and size invariance. Vision Research 40(5) 473\u2013484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0042-6989(99)00134-0","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(99)00134-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geisler W. S. (1989). Sequential ideal-observer analysis of visual discriminations. Psychological Review 96(2) 267\u2013314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295X.96.2.267","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033-295X.96.2.267"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geisler W. S. (2003). Ideal observer analysis. In Chalupa L. M. Werner J. S. (Eds.) The visual neurosciences (2-vol. set pp. 825\u2013837). The MIT Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7551\/mitpress\/7131.003.0061","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/7131.003.0061"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilaie-Dotan S. (2016). Which visual functions depend on intermediate visual regions? Insights from a case of developmental visual form agnosia. Neuropsychologia 83 179\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2015.07.023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2015.07.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilaie-Dotan S. Doron R. (2017). Developmental visual perception deficits with no indications of prosopagnosia in a child with abnormal eye movements. Neuropsychologia 100 64\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2017.04.014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2017.04.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilaie-Dotan S. Gelbard-Sagiv H. Malach R. (2010). Perceptual shape sensitivity to upright and inverted faces is reflected in neuronal adaptation. NeuroImage 50(2) 383\u2013395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.12.077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.12.077"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilaie-Dotan S. Herald S. B. Yitzhak N. Aviezer H. Duchaine B. (2019). Impairment in facial expression perception but normal biological motion perception in a patient with a lesion to right posterior STS. Journal of Vision 19(10) 22a. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/19.10.22a","DOI":"10.1167\/19.10.22a"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilaie-Dotan S. Malach R. (2007). Sub-exemplar shape tuning in human face-related areas. Cerebral Cortex 17(2) 325\u2013338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhj150","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhj150"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilaie-Dotan S. Nir Y. Malach R. (2008). Regionally-specific adaptation dynamics in human object areas. NeuroImage 39(4) 1926\u20131937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.10.010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilaie-Dotan S. Perry A. Bonneh Y. Malach R. Bentin S. (2009). Seeing with Profoundly Deactivated mid-level visual areas: Non-hierarchical functioning in the human visual cortex. Cerebral Cortex 19(7) 1687\u20131703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhn205","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn205"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilaie-Dotan S. Saygin A. P. Lorenzi L. J. Rees G. Behrmann M. (2015). Ventral aspect of the visual form pathway is not critical for the perception of biological motion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112(4) E361\u2013E370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1414974112","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1414974112"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilaie-Dotan S. Silvanto J. Schwarzkopf D. S. Rees G. (2010). Investigating representations of facial identity in human ventral visual cortex with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 4 50. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2010.00050","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2010.00050"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goffaux V. Rossion B. (2006). Faces are \u201cspatial\u201d \u2013 holistic face perception is supported by low spatial frequencies. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 32(4) 1023\u20131039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0096-1523.32.4.1023","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.32.4.1023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grill-Spector K. Weiner K. S. Kay K. Gomez J. (2017). The functional neuroanatomy of human face perception. Annual Review of Vision Science 3(1) 167\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-vision-102016-061214","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-vision-102016-061214"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo K. (2013). Size-invariant facial expression categorization and associated gaze allocation within social interaction space. Perception 42(10) 1027\u20131042. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1068\/p7552","DOI":"10.1068\/p7552"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gur M. (2018). Very small faces are easily discriminated under long and short exposure times. Journal of Neurophysiology 119(5) 1599\u20131607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00622.2017","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00622.2017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han Y. Roig G. Geiger G. Poggio T. (2020). Scale and translation-invariance for novel objects in human vision. Scientific Reports 10(1) 1411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-57261-6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-57261-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasson U. Harel M. Levy I. Malach R. (2003). Large-scale mirror-symmetry organization of human occipito-temporal object areas. Neuron 37(6) 1027\u20131041. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00144-2","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00144-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haxby J. V. Gobbini M. I. Furey M. L. Ishai A. Schouten J. L. Pietrini P. (2001). Distributed and overlapping representations of faces and objects in ventral temporal cortex. Science 293(5539) 2425\u20132430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1063736","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1063736"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hecht S. Shlaer S. Pirenne M. H. (1942). Energy quanta and vision. Journal of General Physiology 25(6) 819\u2013840. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1085\/jgp.25.6.819","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.25.6.819"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keil M. S. Lapedriza A. Masip D. Vitria J. (2008). Preferred spatial frequencies for human face processing are associated with optimal class discrimination in the machine. PLoS One 3(7) Article e2590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0002590","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002590"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kreichman O. Gilaie-Dotan S. (2024). Parafoveal vision reveals qualitative differences between fusiform face area and parahippocampal place area. Human Brain Mapping 45(3) Article e26616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.26616","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26616"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kreichman O. Masarwa S. Brook L. Gilaie-Dotan S. (2025). Memory sensitivity improves with larger image size during naturalistic encoding. Visual Cognition 33(6) 353\u2013370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13506285.2025.2610180","DOI":"10.1080\/13506285.2025.2610180"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lapr\u00e9vote V. Oliva A. Delerue C. Thomas P. Boucart M. (2010). Patients with schizophrenia are biased toward low spatial frequency to decode facial expression at a glance. Neuropsychologia 48(14) 4164\u20134168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.10.017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.10.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lecker M. Shoval R. Aviezer H. Eitam B. (2017). Temporal integration of bodies and faces: United we stand divided we fall? Visual Cognition 25(4\u20136) 477\u2013491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13506285.2017.1310164","DOI":"10.1080\/13506285.2017.1310164"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee Y. Matsumiya K. Wilson H. R. (2006). Size-invariant but viewpoint-dependent representation of faces. Vision Research 46(12) 1901\u20131910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.visres.2005.12.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2005.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lev M. Ludwig K. Gilaie-Dotan S. Voss S. Sterzer P. Hesselmann G. Polat U. (2015). Training improves visual processing speed and generalizes to untrained functions. Scientific Reports 4(1) 7251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep07251","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07251"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levy I. Hasson U. Avidan G. Hendler T. Malach R. (2001). Center\u2013periphery organization of human object areas. Nature Neuroscience 4(5) 533\u2013539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/87490","DOI":"10.1038\/87490"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","author":"Martinez A.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Martinez A., Benavente R. (1998). The AR face database (Tech. Rep. 24 CVC Technical Report).","journal-title":"The AR face database"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez L. Falvello V. B. Aviezer H. Todorov A. (2016). Contributions of facial expressions and body language to the rapid perception of dynamic emotions. Cognition and Emotion 30(5) 939\u2013952. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02699931.2015.1035229","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2015.1035229"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masarwa S. Kreichman O. Gilaie-Dotan S. (2022). Larger images are better remembered during naturalistic encoding. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119(4) Article e2119614119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2119614119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2119614119"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKone E. (2009). Holistic processing for faces operates over a wide range of sizes but is strongest at identification rather than conversational distances. Vision Research 49(2) 268\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.visres.2008.10.020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2008.10.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mondloch C. J. Pathman T. Maurer D. Le Grand R. de Schonen S. (2007). The composite face effect in six-year-old children: Evidence of adult-like holistic face processing. Visual Cognition 15(5) 564\u2013577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13506280600859383","DOI":"10.1080\/13506280600859383"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moscovitch M. Winocur G. Behrmann M. (1997). What is special about face recognition? Nineteen experiments on a person with visual object agnosia and dyslexia but normal face recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 9(5) 555\u2013604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn.1997.9.5.555","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1997.9.5.555"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murray R. F. Bennett P. J. Sekuler A. B. (2005). Classification images predict absolute efficiency. Journal of Vision 5(2) 5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/5.2.5","DOI":"10.1167\/5.2.5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oruc I. Barton J. J. S. (2010). Critical frequencies in the perception of letters faces and novel shapes: Evidence for limited scale invariance for faces. Journal of Vision 10(12) 20\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/10.12.20","DOI":"10.1167\/10.12.20"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parvizi J. Jacques C. Foster B. L. Withoft N. Rangarajan V. Weiner K. S. Grill-Spector K. (2012). Electrical stimulation of human fusiform face-selective regions distorts face perception. The Journal of Neuroscience 32(43) 14915\u201314920. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2609-12.2012","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2609-12.2012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","unstructured":"Peer P. (1999). CVL face database. http:\/\/www.lrv.fri.uni-lj.si\/facedb.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polat U. Sagi D. (1994). Spatial interactions in human vision: From near to far via experience-dependent cascades of connections. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 91(4) 1206\u20131209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.91.4.1206","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.4.1206"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rolls E. T. Baylis G. C. (1986). Size and contrast have only small effects on the responses to faces of neurons in the cortex of the superior temporal sulcus of the monkey. Experimental Brain Research 65(1) 38\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00243828","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00243828"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rotshtein P. Henson R. N. A. Treves A. Driver J. Dolan R. J. (2005). Morphing Marilyn into Maggie dissociates physical and identity face representations in the brain. Nature Neuroscience 8(1) 107\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn1370","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1370"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_1","unstructured":"RStudio Team. (2020). RStudio: Integrated development for R. RStudio PBC. http:\/\/www.rstudio.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sangrigoli S. Pallier C. Argenti A.-M. Ventureyra V. A. G. de Schonen S. (2005). Reversibility of the other-race effect in face recognition during childhood. Psychological Science 16(6) 440\u2013444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.0956-7976.2005.01554.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0956-7976.2005.01554.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schyns P. G. Oliva A. (1999). Dr. Angry and Mr. Smile: When categorization flexibly modifies the perception of faces in rapid visual presentations. Cognition 69(3) 243\u2013265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0010-0277(98)00069-9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(98)00069-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanaka J. W. Kiefer M. Bukach C. M. (2004). A holistic account of the own-race effect in face recognition: Evidence from a cross-cultural study. Cognition 93(1) B1\u2013B9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cognition.2003.09.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2003.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vogelsang L. Gilad-Gutnick S. Ehrenberg E. Yonas A. Diamond S. Held R. Sinha P. (2018). Potential downside of high initial visual acuity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115(44) 11333\u201311338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1800901115","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1800901115"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yitzhak N. Gilaie-Dotan S. Aviezer H. (2018). The contribution of facial dynamics to subtle expression recognition in typical viewers and developmental visual agnosia. Neuropsychologia 117 26\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2018.04.035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2018.04.035"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yovel G. O\u2019Toole A. J. (2016). Recognizing people in motion. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 20(5) 383\u2013395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2016.02.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2016.02.005"}],"container-title":["Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/17470218261434960","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/17470218261434960","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/17470218261434960","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T07:12:40Z","timestamp":1777705960000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/17470218261434960"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/17470218261434960"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17470218261434960","relation":{},"ISSN":["1747-0218","1747-0226"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1747-0218","type":"print"},{"value":"1747-0226","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"article-number":"17470218261434960"}}