{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T07:56:47Z","timestamp":1790755007547,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777852800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Directional pointing tasks\u2014particularly judgments of relative direction (JRDs)\u2014have advanced research on spatial memory. However, overreliance on a single measurement task like JRDs may miss nuances in how spatial information is processed and represented. Therefore, we compare JRDs with object-based judgments (OBJs). While these measures seem to reflect different cognitive processes, a parameter-free measurement model suggests they assess the same underlying memory representations. This model, grounded in two key assumptions, allows point estimates of JRD absolute angular error to be calculated from specific OBJ responses. Across two experiments (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 96), we found support for two conclusions: (a) JRDs and OBJs access the same memory representations, and (b) JRDs combine the absolute angular error from two different sources, while OBJs isolate a single source, making OBJs more specific.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/17470218261442869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T11:05:54Z","timestamp":1775214354000},"page":"2773-2792","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparing Judgments of Relative Direction and Object-Based Judgments as Measures of Human Spatial Memory: Evaluation with a Measurement Model"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5777-7150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Herbert A.","family":"Colle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5193-7501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zack","family":"Carpenter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Psychology, University of Minnesota \u2013 Twin Cities, Minneapolis, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tressa J.","family":"Molinar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","first-page":"283","volume-title":"Coding processes in human memory","author":"Attneave F.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Attneave F. 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