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From a connectionist perspective, the present study used corpus-based measures to quantify the mappings between orthography, phonology and semantics in Chinese and tested how these mappings predicted performance in a large-scale lexical decision task. The results showed that the contribution of phonology to meaning-related processing in Chinese character recognition is conditional on the reliability of orthography-to-semantics mappings: when these mappings were relatively weak, phonology predicted reaction times more strongly. Further comparison among candidate mappings indicated that neither the phonology-to-semantics mapping nor sublexical phonology-to-orthography feedback interacted with orthography-to-semantics consistency, whereas whole-character phonology-to-orthography feedback did. This effect emerged when orthography-to-semantics consistency was low. These findings provide new evidence for a connectionist account of meaning-related processing in Chinese.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/17470218261492872","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T05:03:31Z","timestamp":1789967011000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Orthography-to-Semantics Consistency Modulates Phonological Effects in Chinese Character Recognition: A Corpus-Based Investigation"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0233-3992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aygul","family":"Gheni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi\u2019an, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guixiong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8213-1201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi\u2019an, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amenta S. 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