{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T01:08:42Z","timestamp":1777943322891,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702252800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000801","name":"Bayer HealthCare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100030936","name":"Population Health Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100030936","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Stroke"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic ischemic lesions (CILs) are frequent findings in patients with acute ischemic stroke, but their phenotypes and relevance in young adults with embolic stroke of undetermined source (Y-ESUS) remains uncertain. We aimed to compare Y-ESUS patients with CIL to those without CIL and assessed the association of CIL and its phenotypes with the presence of patent foramen ovale (PFO).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This prospective longitudinal, multicenter cohort study enrolled consecutive patients 50\u2009years and younger with ESUS from October 2017 to October 2019 in 41 stroke research centers in 13 countries. Local investigators adjudicated presence and phenotypes of CIL on routine brain imaging (either magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT)).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 535 patients were enrolled (mean age\u2009=\u200940.4 (standard deviation (SD)\u2009=\u20097.3) years, 238 (44%) female). CILs were present in 76\/534 (14.2%) patients with a median count CIL count of 1.0 (interquartile range (IQR)\u2009=\u20091\u20132), 42\/76 (55%) had at least one cortical phenotype and 38\/76 (50%) at least one non-cortical phenotype. Y-ESUS with CIL were less often female (32% vs 47% in non-CIL Y-ESUS), were older (mean 43 vs 40\u2009years), had more often hypertension (42% vs 19%), diabetes (17% vs 7%), and hyperlipidemia (34% vs 18%). CIL Y-ESUS were independently associated with lower stroke recurrence (relative risk (RR)\u2009=\u20090.17 (0.05\u20130.61)). In Y-ESUS with PFO, CILs were less frequent in probable pathogenic PFO than with probable non-pathogenic PFO (6.1% vs 30% p&lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One in seven Y-ESUS patients has additional CIL. CILs were associated with several vascular risk factors, lower probability of a pathogenic PFO, and lower stroke recurrence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930231217917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,19]],"date-time":"2023-11-19T22:35:37Z","timestamp":1700433337000},"page":"470-477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Chronic ischemic lesions and presence of patent foramen ovale in young adults with embolic stroke of undetermined source: Results of the young ESUS patient registry"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0647-9273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas Raphael","family":"Meinel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Inselspital (Bern University Hospital) and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Tsiplova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7184-2614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Meseguer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, APHP Bichat Hospital, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karl Georg","family":"Haeusler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum W\u00fcrzburg, W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert G","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Inselspital (Bern University Hospital) and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kanjana S","family":"Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Neurology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-17474930231217917","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.121.034347"},{"key":"bibr2-17474930231217917","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.1520"},{"key":"bibr3-17474930231217917","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.0048"},{"key":"bibr4-17474930231217917","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.677039"},{"key":"bibr5-17474930231217917","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70310-7"},{"key":"bibr6-17474930231217917","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70124-8"},{"key":"bibr7-17474930231217917","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.005919"},{"key":"bibr8-17474930231217917","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182a08d59"},{"key":"bibr9-17474930231217917","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.20956"},{"key":"bibr10-17474930231217917","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.0458"},{"key":"bibr11-17474930231217917","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181a711df"},{"key":"bibr12-17474930231217917","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-011-6234-3"},{"key":"bibr13-17474930231217917","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.529883"},{"key":"bibr14-17474930231217917","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-018-5684-8"},{"key":"bibr15-17474930231217917","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-022-00663-4"}],"container-title":["International 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