{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T22:36:31Z","timestamp":1788215791262,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742342400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82422024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82422024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Fund for Outstanding Young Scholars","award":["JQ22020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JQ22020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005090","name":"Beijing Nova Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z201100006820143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z201100006820143"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Stroke"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Different stroke etiologies are associated with varied incidences of early neurological deterioration (END) in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). The Tirofiban for the Prevention of Neurological Deterioration in Acute Ischemic Stroke (TREND) trial demonstrated the efficacy of tirofiban in preventing END in patients with AIS. Herein, we conducted a pre-specified subgroup analysis of this trial data to investigate whether stroke etiologies influenced the effects of tirofiban.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We performed a pre-specified subgroup analysis of the TREND trial, including 413 patients with AIS classified into large-artery atherosclerosis (n\u2009=\u2009114), small-vessel occlusion (n\u2009=\u2009124), and undetermined etiology (n\u2009=\u2009175). The primary outcome was the incidence of END\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      (defined as an increase in the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score by\u2009\u2a7e\u20094 points) within 72 h. Other outcomes included END\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      (increase in NIHSS score by\u2009\u2a7e\u20092 points), early improvement, functional outcomes at 90\u2009days, and safety profiles.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Tirofiban significantly reduced the risk of END\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      in patients with large-artery atherosclerosis (4.1% vs. 21.5%; adjusted odds ratio (OR), 0.17; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.04\u20130.78; P\u2009=\u20090.023), while no significant differences were observed in small-vessel occlusion (adjusted OR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.02\u20132.67; P\u2009=\u20090.248) and undetermined etiology (adjusted OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.18\u20131.55; P\u2009=\u20090.247) subgroups (P for interaction\u2009=\u20090.376). Similar trends were observed for END\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , with a significant benefit observed in the large-artery atherosclerosis (adjusted OR 0.24; 95% CI 0.08\u20130.72; P\u2009=\u20090.011). The early improvement rates and 90-day functional outcomes were comparable between the treatment groups across all stroke subtypes. Safety outcomes were similar between antiplatelet therapies in each subgroup.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In patients who developed ischemic stroke within 24 h of symptom onset, there was no evidence of a treatment interaction across stroke etiologies when comparing intravenous tirofiban to oral aspirin for reducing END. However, the absolute risk reduction observed with tirofiban was greatest in patients with large-artery atherosclerosis compared with those with small-vessel occlusion or undetermined etiology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930251326423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T03:56:26Z","timestamp":1740628586000},"page":"977-986","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Stroke etiology was associated with tirofiban efficacy in acute ischemic stroke without endovascular treatment: A pre-specified subgroup analysis of the TREND trial"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yue","family":"Qiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sijie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Department of Emergency, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pingping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0293-2744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xunming","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0114-6402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingfeng","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9114-5453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenbo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-308327"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-022-06446-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000113732"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181c9188b"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.24.1.35"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.5815"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/bc.bc_73_22"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","article-title":"Distribution of atherosclerotic stenosis determining early neurologic deterioration in acute ischemic stroke","volume":"12","author":"Lee SJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee SJ, Lee DG. Distribution of atherosclerotic stenosis determining early neurologic deterioration in acute ischemic stroke. 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