{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T13:39:05Z","timestamp":1777729145928,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,13]],"date-time":"2020-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581552000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the Intensive Care Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Acute kidney injury demonstrates a high incidence in critically ill populations, with many requiring renal replacement therapy. Patients may be at increased risk of acute kidney injury if prescribed certain potentially nephrotoxic medications. We aimed to evaluate this association in ICU survivors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Study design \u2013 secondary analysis of national cohort of ICU survivors to hospital discharge linked to Scottish healthcare datasets. Outcomes: primary \u2013 renal replacement therapy in ICU; secondary \u2013 early acute kidney injury (calculated using urine output and relative change from estimated baseline serum creatinine within first 24\u2009h of ICU admission using modified-RIFLE criteria). Primary exposure: pre-admission community prescribing of at least one potential nephrotoxin: angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors\/angiotensin-receptor blockers, diuretics or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Statistical analyses: unadjusted associations \u2013 univariable logistic regression; confounder adjusted: multivariable logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During 2011\u20132013, 12,838 of 23,116 patients (55.5%) were prescribed at least one community prescription of at least one nephrotoxin; 1330 (5.8%) patients received renal replacement therapy; 3061 (15.7%) had acute kidney injury. Patients exposed to at least one examined nephrotoxin experienced higher incidence of renal replacement therapy (6.8% vs 4.5%; adjOR 1.46, 95%CI 1.24, 1.72, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and acute kidney injury (19.8% vs 10.9%; adjOR 1.61, 1.44, 1.80, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Increased risk of RRT was also found for angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors\/angiotensin-receptor blockers (adjOR 1.65, 1.40, 1.94), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (adjOR 1.12, 1.02, 1.44) and diuretics (adjOR 1.35, 1.14, 1.59).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Community prescribing of potential nephrotoxins increases the risk of renal replacement therapy\/early acute kidney injury in ICU populations. Analyses were limited by the survivor dataset and potential residual confounding. Findings add consistency to previous research improving understanding of the harmful potential of these important medications and their timely cessation in acute illness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1751143719900099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,14]],"date-time":"2020-02-14T00:03:08Z","timestamp":1581638588000},"page":"102-110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Community prescribing of potentially nephrotoxic drugs and risk of acute kidney injury requiring renal replacement therapy in critically ill adults: A national cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3925-3801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven","family":"Tominey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Timmins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Department, Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9379-3748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy S","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"},{"name":"University Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"},{"name":"MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2707-2779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazir I","family":"Lone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"},{"name":"University Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1751143719900099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5935\/0103-507X.20130050"},{"key":"bibr2-1751143719900099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/65066"},{"key":"bibr3-1751143719900099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-019-0534-7"},{"key":"bibr4-1751143719900099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11420"},{"key":"bibr5-1751143719900099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-018-0467-6"},{"key":"bibr6-1751143719900099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.7.813"},{"key":"bibr7-1751143719900099","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.\n                      CG 169: Acute kidney injury\n                      . 2013."},{"key":"bibr8-1751143719900099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)81128-0"},{"key":"bibr9-1751143719900099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2009.04.001"},{"key":"bibr10-1751143719900099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ccx.0000247443.86628.68"},{"key":"bibr11-1751143719900099","unstructured":"NHS Scotland ISD.\n                      Dispensing reimbursement, remuneration and volume\n                      . 2016."},{"key":"bibr12-1751143719900099","unstructured":"Scottish Patient Safety Programme. 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