{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T06:07:00Z","timestamp":1791958020332,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]],"date-time":"2023-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703721600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000274","name":"British Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CH\/F\/21\/90010, RG\/20\/10\/34966, RE\/18\/5\/34216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CH\/F\/21\/90010, RG\/20\/10\/34966, RE\/18\/5\/34216"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011949","name":"Abbott Vascular","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HF006\/21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HF006\/21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011949","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the Intensive Care Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite high rates of cardiovascular disease in Scotland, the prevalence and outcomes of patients with cardiogenic shock are unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We undertook a prospective observational cohort study of consecutive patients with cardiogenic shock admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) or coronary care unit at 13 hospitals in Scotland for a 6-month period. Denominator data from the Scottish Intensive Care Society Audit Group were used to estimate ICU prevalence; data for coronary care units were unavailable. We undertook multivariable logistic regression to identify factors associated with in-hospital mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In total, 247 patients with cardiogenic shock were included. After exclusion of coronary care unit admissions, this comprised 3.0% of all ICU admissions during the study period (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.6%\u20133.5%). Aetiology was acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in 48%. The commonest vasoactive treatment was noradrenaline (56%) followed by adrenaline (46%) and dobutamine (40%). Mechanical circulatory support was used in 30%. Overall in-hospital mortality was 55%. After multivariable logistic regression, age (odds ratio [OR] 1.04, 95% CI 1.02\u20131.06), admission lactate (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.05\u20131.19), Society for Cardiovascular Angiographic Intervention stage D or E at presentation (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.10\u20134.29) and use of adrenaline (OR 2.73, 95% CI 1.40\u20135.40) were associated with mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Scotland the prevalence of cardiogenic shock was 3% of all ICU admissions; more than half died prior to discharge. There was significant variation in treatment approaches, particularly with respect to vasoactive support strategy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/17511437231217877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]],"date-time":"2023-12-29T00:28:54Z","timestamp":1703809734000},"page":"147-155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["EPidemiology Of Cardiogenic sHock in Scotland (EPOCHS): A multicentre, prospective observational study of the prevalence, management and outcomes of cardiogenic shock in Scotland"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9622-8354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"Warren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"},{"name":"Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"},{"name":"Barts Heart Centre, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"McCall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Clydebank, UK"},{"name":"Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Peri-Operative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alastair","family":"Proudfoot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barts Heart Centre, London, UK"},{"name":"Queen Mary University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart","family":"Gillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Abu-Arafeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7017-1441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angus John","family":"McKnight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosemary","family":"Mudie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelos","family":"Tzolos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3545-024X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John Andrew","family":"Livesey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Sinclair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Clydebank, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Baston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Clydebank, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Dalzell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Clydebank, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Fleming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Puxty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9213-2067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew MY","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hairmyres Hospital, East Kilbride, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Hobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hairmyres Hospital, East Kilbride, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Euan","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Kinsella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eilidh","family":"McGinnigle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Docking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grant","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. John\u2019s Hospital, Livingston, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Ramsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1203-5642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Bauld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Herron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wishaw Hospital, Wishaw, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2707-2779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazir I","family":"Lone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"},{"name":"Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"},{"name":"Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas L","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"},{"name":"Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"},{"name":"BHF\/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Hartley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-17511437231217877","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1942.00200150002001"},{"key":"bibr2-17511437231217877","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13734"},{"key":"bibr3-17511437231217877","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001974"},{"key":"bibr4-17511437231217877","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.28707"},{"key":"bibr5-17511437231217877","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1566"},{"key":"bibr6-17511437231217877","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.119.005618"},{"key":"bibr7-17511437231217877","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.021061"},{"key":"bibr8-17511437231217877","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2048872617741735"},{"key":"bibr9-17511437231217877","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.114.001462"},{"key":"bibr10-17511437231217877","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.017326"},{"key":"bibr11-17511437231217877","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.12.084"},{"key":"bibr12-17511437231217877","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15420\/usc.2021.10"},{"key":"bibr13-17511437231217877","unstructured":"Intensive Care Society. Shock to survival report [Internet], https:\/\/ics.ac.uk\/resource\/shock-to-survival-report.html (2022, accessed 7 May 2023)."},{"key":"bibr14-17511437231217877","unstructured":"British Heart Foundation. CVD Statistics Factsheet 2023 [Internet], https:\/\/www.bhf.org.uk\/-\/media\/files\/for-professionals\/research\/heart-statistics\/bhf-cvd-statistics-scotland-factsheet.pdf?rev=fb6f0291616249529cf89e612f2b7bd7&hash=1DBC3E7DB796ED76405E18B20A4BD1CD (2023, accessed 5 June 2023)."},{"key":"bibr15-17511437231217877","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X"},{"key":"bibr16-17511437231217877","unstructured":"Intensive Care Society. Levels of adult critical care second edition [Internet], https:\/\/ics.ac.uk\/resource\/levels-of-care.html (2021, accessed 5 June 2023)."},{"key":"bibr17-17511437231217877","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.28329"},{"key":"bibr18-17511437231217877","unstructured":"Public Health Scotland. SICS [Internet], https:\/\/publichealthscotland.scot\/media\/16832\/22-09-06-sicsag-report.pdf (2022, accessed 13 June 2023)."},{"key":"bibr19-17511437231217877","unstructured":"Beyond Containment: Health systems responses to COVID 19 in the OECD. OECD [Internet], https:\/\/read.oecd-ilibrary.org\/view\/?ref=119_119689-ud5comtf84&title=Beyond_Containment:Health_systems_responses_to_COVID-19_in_the_OECD (2020, accessed 13 June 2023)."},{"key":"bibr20-17511437231217877","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1088"},{"key":"bibr21-17511437231217877","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2020.100005"},{"key":"bibr22-17511437231217877","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1387-1"},{"key":"bibr23-17511437231217877","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9572(02)00266-6"},{"key":"bibr24-17511437231217877","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.04.051"},{"key":"bibr25-17511437231217877","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000525"},{"key":"bibr26-17511437231217877","volume":"42","author":"McDonagh TA","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"bibr27-17511437231217877","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.119.006635"},{"key":"bibr28-17511437231217877","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2019-001214"},{"key":"bibr29-17511437231217877","unstructured":"Barts Health NHS Trust. Cardiogenic shock [Internet], https:\/\/www.bartshealth.nhs.uk\/news\/the-app-that-connects-heart-specialists-to-provide-lifesaving-treatment-7261 (accessed October 2023)."},{"key":"bibr30-17511437231217877","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13180"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Intensive Care Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/17511437231217877","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/17511437231217877","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/17511437231217877","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:55:12Z","timestamp":1777460112000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/17511437231217877"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/17511437231217877"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17511437231217877","relation":{},"ISSN":["1751-1437"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1751-1437","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]]}}}