{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T22:31:31Z","timestamp":1792276291540,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766534400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000846","name":"Intensive Care Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["New Investigator Award 2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["New Investigator Award 2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000846","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR304654"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR304654"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014653","name":"Manchester Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR203308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR203308"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014653","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the Intensive Care Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Critically ill patients with lower respiratory tract infections often fail to achieve therapeutic beta-lactam antibiotic concentrations, despite standard dosing. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) may improve attaining drug exposure, but delayed turnaround times limit its clinical impact. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of delivering real-time beta-lactam TDM results within two dosing intervals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a single-centre prospective cohort feasibility study in two ICUs in Manchester, UK. Critically ill adult patients receiving piperacillin\/tazobactam or meropenem for suspected or confirmed lower respiratory infection were enrolled. Blood samples were collected for analysis and drug quantification, with the primary outcome being the proportion of TDM results returned within two dosing intervals. Secondary outcomes included detailed time-to-result, clinical and microbiological outcomes. TDM results were not released to clinical teams.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We recruited 30 participants, of whom 20 (67%) had TDM results available within two dosing intervals. The median time from blood sampling to TDM result was 10.9\u2009h, with a median time from antimicrobial initiation to result of 25.4\u2009h. At 28\u2009days, 70% of participants were alive, with a median (IQR) ICU and hospital length of stay of 7 (5\u201325) and 17 (10\u201327) days, respectively. Resistant pathogen strains were isolated in 4\/21 (19%) participants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recruitment of critically ill participants into a time-sensitive trial of TDM is feasible. Timely feedback of beta-lactam TDM results to clinicians is achievable, however, barriers to streamlined around-the-clock implementation remain. Future clinical trials of beta-lactam TDM should factor turnaround times into study design.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Registration:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NCT05971979.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/17511437251404324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T11:23:07Z","timestamp":1766575387000},"page":"22-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A prospective cohort feasibility study of real-time beta-lactam antimicrobial therapeutic drug monitoring in critically ill patients with lower respiratory infection: The TDM-TIME study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2858-1313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Hansel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, The University of Manchester, UK"},{"name":"Critical Care, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jake","family":"Lain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Centre for Precision Approaches to Combatting Antimicrobial Resistance, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4511-0369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel O.","family":"Erhieyovwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aybaniz","family":"Ismayilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6754-5407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Orr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, The University of Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian G.","family":"Keevil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Centre for Precision Approaches to Combatting Antimicrobial Resistance, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kayode","family":"Ogungbenro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacy &amp; Optometry, The University of Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3309-0164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul M.","family":"Dark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, The University of Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy W.","family":"Felton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, The University of Manchester, UK"},{"name":"Critical Care, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2019.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06506-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002158"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.12.4920-4927.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-018-0891-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06609-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-022-04098-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-022-06921-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39335.541782.AD"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-3853"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","unstructured":"Wockhardt UK Ltd. Piperacillin\/Tazobactam 4g\/0.5g Powder for Solution for Infusion Electronic Medicines Compendium. https:\/\/www.medicines.org.uk\/emc\/product\/6526\/smpc (2023 accessed 17 December 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","unstructured":"Pfizer Limited. Meronem IV 1g Powder for solution for injection or infusion Electronic Medicines Compendium. https:\/\/www.medicines.org.uk\/emc\/product\/9834\/smpc (2024 accessed 17 December 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","unstructured":"Balloch S. Analysis of Antibiotics in Plasma for Clinical Research: Application Note. https:\/\/www.waters.com\/waters\/library.htm?locale=en_US&lid=135089770&srsltid=AfmBOooSekgdKMgLcGvMN8ZGhuyRVOyFxnM7ANHSS1G2ZVBYAyaKoExn (2021 accessed 17 December 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01818-17"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-013-3187-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07587-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14050463"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkad223"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06050-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-083635"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","article-title":"Covariates in population pharmacokinetic studies of critically ill adults receiving \u03b2-lactam antimicrobials: a systematic review and narrative synthesis","volume":"6","author":"Hansel J","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hansel J, Mannan F, Robey R, et al Covariates in population pharmacokinetic studies of critically ill adults receiving \u03b2-lactam antimicrobials: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. 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