{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:15:12Z","timestamp":1787019312411,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,29]],"date-time":"2011-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1301356800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Hand Surg Eur Vol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The forearm is composed of the radial and ulnar shafts, which are linked by the interosseous membrane and intercalated between the elbow and wrist. The radius and ulna are connected by three joints, the proximal, middle, and distal radioulnar joints. The forearm ensures pronation\/supination and longitudinal load transfer. The biomechanical and clinical relevance of the proximal and distal radioulnar joints is well established. In contrast, the middle radioulnar joint was considered relatively unimportant until studies published in the last decade showed that it fulfils crucial biomechanical functions and is of considerable clinical significance. We believe the conventional concept in which the forearm is viewed as part of either the elbow or the wrist is outdated and that a more relevant concept describes the forearm as a triarticular complex that functions as a full-fledged entity. In this concept, the three forearm radioulnar joints (proximal, middle, distal) work together to provide stability, mobility and load transfer. Here, we will argue for the relevance of the triarticular complex concept based on published data about forearm biomechanics and pathological conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193410396976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,29]],"date-time":"2011-03-29T20:47:34Z","timestamp":1301431654000},"page":"447-454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["The middle radioulnar joint and triarticular forearm complex"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Soubeyrand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bicetre University Hospital, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Le Kremlin-Bicetre, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Wassermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bicetre University Hospital, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Le Kremlin-Bicetre, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Hirsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bicetre University Hospital, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Le Kremlin-Bicetre, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Oberlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bichat University Hospital, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Gagey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bicetre University Hospital, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Le Kremlin-Bicetre, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Dumontier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint-Antoine University Hospital, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Paris, France Institut de la main, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(97)80035-4"},{"key":"bibr2-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2007.09.008"},{"key":"bibr3-1753193410396976","unstructured":"Drake RL, Vogl W, Mitchell AWM. Gray\u2019s Anatomie pour les \u00e9tudiants (Edition fran\u00e7aise). Paris (France), Elsevier, 2006: 40\u20133."},{"key":"bibr4-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2007.01.008"},{"key":"bibr5-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.33B2.244"},{"key":"bibr6-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.1999.0257"},{"key":"bibr7-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-7681(98)80170-8"},{"key":"bibr8-1753193410396976","unstructured":"Garnier M, Delamare F. Dictionnaire illustr\u00e9 des termes de m\u00e9decine. 2004 28th. Paris (France), Maloine 74\u201374."},{"key":"bibr9-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2007.03.004"},{"key":"bibr10-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2009.03.018"},{"key":"bibr11-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(21)00634-X"},{"key":"bibr12-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199202000-00009","volume":"275","author":"Hagert CG","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"bibr13-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199401000-00036"},{"key":"bibr14-1753193410396976","unstructured":"Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). Available from: http:\/\/www.itis.gov. (last accessed 4 February 2010)."},{"key":"bibr15-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2001.27187"},{"key":"bibr16-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.88B12.17780"},{"key":"bibr17-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-007-0431-7"},{"key":"bibr18-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200205000-00007"},{"key":"bibr19-1753193410396976","unstructured":"Kapandji AI. Physiologie Articulaire T1. 2005 6th. Paris (France), Maloine 104\u20135."},{"key":"bibr20-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.I.00284"},{"key":"bibr21-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1197\/j.jht.2006.02.002"},{"key":"bibr22-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-005-0805-7"},{"key":"bibr23-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linnaeus C.\n                      Systemae Naturae, sive regna tria naturae, systematics proposita per classes, ordines, genera & species\n                      . Lugduni Bavatorum (Leiden), Theodore Haak, 1735.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.877"},{"key":"bibr24-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2001.24961"},{"key":"bibr25-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200102000-00013"},{"key":"bibr26-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01655"},{"key":"bibr27-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2000.8640"},{"key":"bibr28-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199806000-00012"},{"key":"bibr29-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.I.00102"},{"key":"bibr30-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198264010-00003"},{"key":"bibr31-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17453677608989725"},{"key":"bibr32-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2009.01.015"},{"key":"bibr33-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218810499000034"},{"key":"bibr34-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/JHSB.1998.0185"},{"key":"bibr35-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0730-725X(98)00183-0"},{"key":"bibr36-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218810400000077"},{"key":"bibr37-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2008.10.025"},{"key":"bibr38-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.main.2006.08.001"},{"key":"bibr39-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2003.10.002"},{"key":"bibr40-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(99)00138-4"},{"key":"bibr41-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2000.9416"},{"key":"bibr42-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2005.09.022"},{"key":"bibr43-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(21)00604-1"},{"key":"bibr44-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(94)90050-7"},{"key":"bibr45-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schweizer A, Furnstahl P, Harders M et al. Complex radius shaft malunion: osteotomy with computer-assisted planning. Hand (N Y). 2009.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11552-009-9233-4"},{"key":"bibr46-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2003.10.020"},{"key":"bibr47-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(97)80036-6"},{"key":"bibr48-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200211000-00010"},{"key":"bibr49-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.main.2007.09.004"},{"key":"bibr50-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-006-0100-5"},{"key":"bibr51-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200102000-00011"},{"key":"bibr52-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198466010-00010"},{"key":"bibr53-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200707000-00003"},{"key":"bibr54-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1534-5807(03)00095-9"},{"key":"bibr55-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.20346"},{"key":"bibr56-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2005.06.013"},{"key":"bibr57-1753193410396976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(02)00034-7"}],"container-title":["Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume)"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1753193410396976","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1753193410396976","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1753193410396976","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T22:44:30Z","timestamp":1777502670000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1753193410396976"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,29]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1753193410396976"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1753193410396976","relation":{},"ISSN":["1753-1934","2043-6289"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1753-1934","type":"print"},{"value":"2043-6289","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,29]]}}}