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A retrospective analysis was done in 446 type 3 and 4 hands (modified Bayne classification) over 20 years comparing the subjective assessment, objective and functional scores in nonoperatively managed hands (Group 1; n\u2009=\u2009137) to hands managed with centralization or radialization (Group 2; n\u2009=\u2009309). The subjective, objective and functional measures were significantly better in Group 2. Improved alignment, finger and wrist range of motion and grip strength were related to improvement in functional score. Surgical treatment of radial longitudinal deficiency provides improvement in cosmesis, function and ease of performance of activities when compared with nonoperatively managed hands.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193411413070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,27]],"date-time":"2011-06-27T21:28:00Z","timestamp":1309210080000},"page":"161-169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Comparison of surgical treatment and nonoperative management for radial longitudinal deficiency"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"P. P.","family":"Kotwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India\u00a0"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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