{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T19:55:41Z","timestamp":1785268541003,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,20]],"date-time":"2013-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1387497600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Hand Surg Eur Vol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In 1937, M\u00fcller introduced the concept of a teratological sequence of thumb hypoplasia with increasing severity from mild deficiency, through severe deficiency, to thumb absence. Blauth subsequently detailed five specific grades. In 1992, Manske and McCarroll altered Blauth\u2019s classification such that Grade 3 was sub-divided into Grades 3A and 3B, according to a presence or absence of the proximal metacarpal. Buck-Gramcko added a Grade 3C in which there was only a remnant metacarpal head. This article investigates their publications and those of others to identify \u2018who said what\u2019 and clarify the definitions of grades of thumb hypoplasia. A modification of Blauth\u2019s classification is proposed, which retains the integrity of the concept of M\u00fcller and the skeletal and soft tissue grading of Blauth, but which also incorporates the disparate anomalies that may present in Grades 2 and 3 hypoplastic thumbs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193413516246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,21]],"date-time":"2013-12-21T00:09:25Z","timestamp":1387584565000},"page":"948-955","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["On the classification of congenital thumb hypoplasia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"M. A.","family":"Tonkin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hand Surgery & Peripheral Nerve Surgery, University of Sydney, St Leonards, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1753193413516246","first-page":"127","volume":"13","author":"Abdel-Ghani H","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop B"},{"key":"bibr2-1753193413516246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00416751"},{"key":"bibr3-1753193413516246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-67654-3"},{"key":"bibr4-1753193413516246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1297-3203(02)00103-8"},{"key":"bibr5-1753193413516246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-12683"},{"key":"bibr6-1753193413516246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(98)80081-6"},{"key":"bibr7-1753193413516246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(96)80162-6"},{"key":"bibr8-1753193413516246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(21)01060-X"},{"key":"bibr9-1753193413516246","first-page":"52","volume":"195","author":"Lister G","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"bibr10-1753193413516246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(91)90185-E"},{"key":"bibr11-1753193413516246","first-page":"359","volume-title":"Congenital malformations of the hand and forearm","author":"Lister G","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr12-1753193413516246","volume-title":"Monographie \u00fcber die Rehabilitation der Dysmelie-Kinder","author":"Maier W","year":"1965"},{"key":"bibr13-1753193413516246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(21)00701-0"},{"key":"bibr14-1753193413516246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(05)80018-8"},{"key":"bibr15-1753193413516246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200701000-00005"},{"key":"bibr16-1753193413516246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218810409004244"},{"key":"bibr17-1753193413516246","volume-title":"Die angeborenen Fehlbildungen der menschlichen Hand","author":"M\u00fcller W","year":"1937"},{"key":"bibr18-1753193413516246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2010.09.031"},{"key":"bibr19-1753193413516246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199810000-00008"},{"key":"bibr20-1753193413516246","unstructured":"Smith P. 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