{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T10:46:47Z","timestamp":1787827607309,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,26]],"date-time":"2015-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1435276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Hand Surg Eur Vol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study was performed to measure the equivalent scattered radiation dose delivered to susceptible organs while simulating orthopaedic surgery using conventional and mini C-arm fluoroscopy. In addition, shielding effects on the thyroid, thymus, and gonad, and the direct exposure delivered to the patient\u2019s hands were also compared. A conventional and mini C-arms were installed in an operating room, and a hand and an operator phantom were used to simulate a patient\u2019s hand and a surgeon. Photoluminescence dosimeters were used to measure the equivalent dose by scattered radiation arriving at the thyroid, thymus, and gonad on a whole-body phantom in the position of the surgeon. Equivalent scattered radiation doses were measured in four groups: (1) unshielded conventional C-arm group; (2) unshielded mini C-arm group; (3) lead-shielded conventional C-arm group; and (4) lead-shielded mini C-arm group. Equivalent scattered radiation doses to the unshielded group were significantly lower in the mini C-arm group than those in the conventional C-arm group for all organs. The gonad in the lead-shielded conventional C-arm group showed the highest equivalent dose among operator-susceptible organs, and radiation dose was reduced by approximately 96% compared with that in the unshielded group. Scattered radiation was not detected in any susceptible organ in the lead-shielded mini C-arm group. The direct radiation dose to the hand phantom measured from the mini C-arm was significantly lower than that measured from the conventional C-arm. The results show that the equivalent scattered radiation dose to the surgeon\u2019s susceptible organs and the direct radiation dose to a patient\u2019s hand can be decreased significantly by using a mini C-arm rather than a conventional C-arm. However, protective lead garments, such as a thyroid shield and apron, should be applied to minimize radiation exposure to susceptible organs, even during use of mini C-arm fluoroscopy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193415590388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,26]],"date-time":"2015-06-26T22:35:40Z","timestamp":1435358140000},"page":"340-345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Measurements of surgeons\u2019 exposure to ionizing radiation dose: comparison of conventional and mini C-arm fluoroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"K. H.","family":"Sung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Myongji Hospital, Kyungki, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of IT Convergence, Korea University, Seoul, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Y.","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Kyungki, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. C.","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Kyungki, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. S.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Kyungki, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1753193415590388","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2005.06.023"},{"key":"bibr2-1753193415590388","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.D.02162"},{"key":"bibr3-1753193415590388","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.H.01199"},{"key":"bibr4-1753193415590388","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-200011000-00006"},{"key":"bibr5-1753193415590388","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2010.01.001"},{"key":"bibr6-1753193415590388","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2008.10.004"},{"key":"bibr7-1753193415590388","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.H.00407"},{"key":"bibr8-1753193415590388","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.F.00733"},{"key":"bibr9-1753193415590388","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31824589d5"},{"key":"bibr10-1753193415590388","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.J.01052"},{"key":"bibr11-1753193415590388","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncm376"},{"key":"bibr12-1753193415590388","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncn227"},{"key":"bibr13-1753193415590388","volume-title":"Limitation of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation: Recommendations of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements","volume":"116","author":"National Council on Radiation Protection &amp; Measurements","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr14-1753193415590388","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncr149"},{"key":"bibr15-1753193415590388","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2008.0058"},{"key":"bibr16-1753193415590388","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2005.01.007"},{"key":"bibr17-1753193415590388","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2011.01.010"},{"key":"bibr18-1753193415590388","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2010.08.012"},{"key":"bibr19-1753193415590388","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000254932.04022.c8"},{"key":"bibr20-1753193415590388","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2010.12.022"},{"key":"bibr21-1753193415590388","first-page":"1","volume":"37","author":"Valentin J","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann ICRP"}],"container-title":["Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume)"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1753193415590388","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1753193415590388","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1753193415590388","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T22:47:09Z","timestamp":1777502829000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1753193415590388"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,26]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1753193415590388"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1753193415590388","relation":{},"ISSN":["1753-1934","2043-6289"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1753-1934","type":"print"},{"value":"2043-6289","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,26]]}}}