{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T03:20:55Z","timestamp":1792639255124,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,30]],"date-time":"2017-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485734400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Hand Surg Eur Vol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The classical definition of \u2018Palmer Type IB\u2019 triangular fibrocartilage complex tear, includes a spectrum of clinical conditions. This review highlights the clinical and arthroscopic criteria that enable us to categorize five classes on a treatment-oriented classification system of triangular fibrocartilage complex peripheral tears.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Class 1 lesions represent isolated tears of the distal triangular fibrocartilage complex without distal radio-ulnar joint instability and are amenable to arthroscopic suture. Class 2 tears include rupture of both the distal triangular fibrocartilage complex and proximal attachments of the triangular fibrocartilage complex to the fovea. Class 3 tears constitute isolated ruptures of the proximal attachment of the triangular fibrocartilage complex to the fovea; they are not visible at radio-carpal arthroscopy. Both Class 2 and Class 3 tears are diagnosed with a positive hook test and are typically associated with distal radio-ulnar joint instability. If required, treatment is through reattachment of the distal radio-ulnar ligament insertions to the fovea. Class 4 lesions are irreparable tears due to the size of the defect or to poor tissue quality and, if required, treatment is through distal radio-ulnar ligament reconstruction with tendon graft. Class 5 tears are associated with distal radio-ulnar joint arthritis and can only be treated with salvage procedures. This subdivision of type IB triangular fibrocartilage complex tear provides more insights in the pathomechanics and treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Level of evidence:<\/jats:bold>\n                    II\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193416687479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,30]],"date-time":"2017-01-30T04:45:16Z","timestamp":1485751516000},"page":"405-414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Classification of ulnar triangular fibrocartilage complex tears. A treatment algorithm for Palmer type IB tears"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Atzei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fenice Hand Surgery, Policlinico \u201cSan Giorgio\u201d, Pordenone, Italy"},{"name":"Hand Surgery Unit, Casa di Cura \u2018Giovanni XXIII\u2019, Treviso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Luchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rimini Hand Surgery and Rehabilitation Center, Rimini, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Garagnani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Guy\u2019s and St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1570037"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2002.31731"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2008.01.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2008.02.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193409100120"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-30544-3_11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","volume-title":"Presented at the 11th Triennial congress of IFSSH","author":"Atzei A","year":"2010","unstructured":"Atzei A, Carletti D, Nicolis D, Luchetti R. 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