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We included 42 out of 156 identified articles. The point prevalence of playing-related musculoskeletal disorders ranges from 37% to 47% in musicians with the hand and wrist among the most commonly affected areas, and the lifetime prevalence is reported as high as 89%. Leading symptoms are pain, weakness, stiffness, and loss of control. Intense repetitive use during practice, or before an audition or concert, recent changes in conductors or teachers, psychological stress, the effort of holding a weighty instrument, wrong technique, and joint laxity have all been identified as risk factors. The need for prevention is highlighted. Today\u2019s therapy is mostly based on individual rehabilitation programmes rather than on long-term rest. However, treatment remains predominantly based on beliefs rather than on evidence. The entire subject needs intensive future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193420912644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]],"date-time":"2020-05-21T12:14:15Z","timestamp":1590063255000},"page":"636-642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Overuse syndrome of the hand and wrist in musicians: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Betzl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hand Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ursula","family":"Kraneburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hand Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Megerle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hand Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1753193420912644","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21091\/mppa.2010.1002"},{"key":"bibr2-1753193420912644","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000311195"},{"key":"bibr3-1753193420912644","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21091\/mppa.2016.2015"},{"key":"bibr4-1753193420912644","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90432-0"},{"key":"bibr5-1753193420912644","first-page":"19","volume":"3","author":"Dawson WJ","year":"1988","journal-title":"Med Probl Perform Art"},{"key":"bibr6-1753193420912644","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.21091\/mppa.2001.2011","volume":"16","author":"Dawson WJ","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med Probl Perform Art"},{"key":"bibr7-1753193420912644","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)91714-X"},{"key":"bibr8-1753193420912644","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21091\/mppa.2010.2013"},{"key":"bibr9-1753193420912644","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1986.tb139514.x"},{"key":"bibr10-1753193420912644","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90242-4"},{"key":"bibr11-1753193420912644","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198609000-00025"},{"key":"bibr12-1753193420912644","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.1986.tb01819.x"},{"key":"bibr13-1753193420912644","first-page":"35","volume":"44","author":"Fry HJ","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"key":"bibr14-1753193420912644","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014107688808101007"},{"key":"bibr15-1753193420912644","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1041317"},{"key":"bibr16-1753193420912644","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870100402"},{"key":"bibr17-1753193420912644","first-page":"6","volume":"4","author":"Goodman G","year":"1989","journal-title":"Med Probl Perform Art"},{"key":"bibr18-1753193420912644","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.55.4.264"},{"key":"bibr19-1753193420912644","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6117.900"},{"key":"bibr20-1753193420912644","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1983.03330380057027"},{"key":"bibr21-1753193420912644","first-page":"447","author":"Howard NJ","year":"1937","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"bibr22-1753193420912644","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21091\/mppa.2015.3027"},{"key":"bibr23-1753193420912644","first-page":"85","volume":"1","author":"Knishkowy B","year":"1986","journal-title":"Med Probl Perform Art"},{"key":"bibr24-1753193420912644","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199902000-00014"},{"key":"bibr25-1753193420912644","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/31.4.265"},{"key":"bibr26-1753193420912644","first-page":"5","volume":"1","author":"Lederman RJ","year":"1986","journal-title":"Med Probl Perform Art"},{"key":"bibr27-1753193420912644","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198901263200405"},{"key":"bibr28-1753193420912644","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2006.11.002"},{"key":"bibr29-1753193420912644","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197961060-00005"},{"key":"bibr100-1753193420912644","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rietveld AB, Macfarlane JD, de Haas GJ. 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