{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:03:50Z","timestamp":1777853030062,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700524800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Hand Surg Eur Vol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Nerve transfer after spinal cord injury has become increasingly popular. Accurate preoperative identification of lower motor neuron involvement in potential recipient nerves is critical. Electrodiagnostic testing has been shown to correlate with intraoperative findings; however, it is time-consuming, costly and may not be readily available. Stimulated manual muscle testing is an alternative diagnostic approach. It is inexpensive and easily done by the surgeon or therapist in the office; however, correlation with intraoperative stimulation has not been reported. A retrospective review was conducted for patients who underwent nerve transfer for tetraplegia with recorded preoperative stimulated manual muscle testing and intraoperative stimulation results. Nine patients including 37 nerve transfers were included. Of the 37 nerve transfers, 36 were accurately graded preoperatively by stimulated manual muscle testing. Stimulated manual muscle testing had a sensitivity of 89%, specificity of 100%, positive predictive value of 100% and a negative predictive value of 97%. This study supports stimulated manual muscle testing for preoperative distinction between upper versus lower motor neuron injuries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Level of evidence: IV<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/17531934231214105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T10:03:03Z","timestamp":1700560983000},"page":"873-877","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Preoperative evaluation of nerve transfer recipients after spinal cord injury using stimulated manual muscle testing"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0958-1115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Blake","family":"Perkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Keith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Bryden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Functional Restoration, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyle J.","family":"Chepla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-17531934231214105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.11.021"},{"key":"bibr2-17531934231214105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1310\/sci2403-206"},{"key":"bibr3-17531934231214105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.0162"},{"key":"bibr4-17531934231214105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(02)00020-3"},{"key":"bibr5-17531934231214105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.6.SPINE21586"},{"key":"bibr6-17531934231214105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1085-9489.2005.0010206.x"},{"key":"bibr7-17531934231214105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2018.03.013"},{"key":"bibr8-17531934231214105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011278"},{"key":"bibr9-17531934231214105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41394-020-00325-x"},{"key":"bibr10-17531934231214105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2019.11.003"},{"key":"bibr11-17531934231214105","unstructured":"Kendall HO, Kendall FP. 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