{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T02:07:29Z","timestamp":1787450849855,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774656000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Hand Surg Eur Vol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Upper limb spasticity can result from a variety of insults to the central nervous system. Disruption of the closely regulated spinal reflex arc, owing to loss of brain inhibition, results in an imbalance between antagonist and agonist muscle groups, leading to a loss of fluid coordination of motion across joints.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Management strategies:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A detailed, individualized assessment of each patient is mandatory in a multidisciplinary setting. Although there are objective parameters which guide treatment, variation and customization of strategies are needed for each patient, including defining a functional vs. a non-functional hand, and whether mobility or stability is the primary goal for surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Challenging areas in spasticity management:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Surgical options include bony, tendon and nerve procedures. These aim to reduce tone, release contractures or reanimate paralysed muscles. This article examines four challenging areas in decision making for choosing these options: lengthening vs. hyperselective neurectomy for tone management, stability vs. mobility in wrist spasticity, grasp and release recovery through finger flexion and extension, and dystonia. Evidence-based treatments are discussed where available, along with key unresolved issues and future research directions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Restoring balance in the spastic upper limb, especially when voluntary control is lost, remains one of the most complex challenges in hand surgery. A thorough understanding of biomechanical principles and neurological pathways is necessary for the hand surgeon. Furthermore, working within a multidisciplinary team is essential to utilize a comprehensive array of assessment tools, ensuring accurate diagnosis and individualized patient care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/17531934261434453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T08:39:07Z","timestamp":1774687147000},"page":"737-746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Achieving balance in upper limb spasticity management"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1986-2116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wee","family":"Lam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hand and Reconstructive Microsurgery, Singapore General Hospital, KK Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital, Singapore"},{"name":"Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, University of Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7927-9985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Leclercq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de la Main, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8179-1673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shai","family":"Luria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hand and Microvascular Surgery Unit, Hadassah \u2013 Hebrew University Medical Center, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0530-4225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Rhee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Hand Surgery, Mayo Clinic, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2012.10.043"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-019-02380-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197456030-00003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-20-00719"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17531934251363111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2025.03.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e3181aa2488"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2023.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","article-title":"Management of the clenched fist in adult patients with upper motor neuron syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Fahrenkopf MP","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fahrenkopf MP, Rhee PC. 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