{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T08:12:03Z","timestamp":1778487123728,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Hand Surg Eur Vol"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Osteoarthritis is characterized by progressive degeneration of articular cartilage and impaired joint function. Arthroscopic monopolar radiofrequency energy chondroplasty enables minimally invasive smoothing of damaged cartilage surfaces, but there are concerns about chondrocyte viability under thermal stress, which is particularly critical in the wrist because of the thin cartilage layers and complex joint anatomy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      study, porcine tibial plateau cartilage with simulated Outerbridge grade III degeneration was treated using six monopolar radiofrequency energy application protocols, including continuous or pulsed modes with single or double passes. Subchondral temperature was recorded, surface roughness was quantified by confocal laser scanning microscopy using the root-mean-square parameter and chondrocyte viability was assessed using live\/dead and caspase 3\/7 assays.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Subchondral temperatures remained below physiological core body temperature in all treatment groups. All radiofrequency energy protocols resulted in a clear reduction of surface roughness compared with degenerated control cartilage. The greatest smoothing effect was observed following a single pulsed application with longer activation intervals, although this also caused extensive chondrocyte death. Shorter pulsed application intervals produced moderate surface smoothing while preserving comparatively higher chondrocyte viability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Monopolar radiofrequency energy chondroplasty effectively reduces cartilage surface roughness but is associated with substantial chondrocyte loss regardless of the application protocol. Among the tested approaches, pulsed energy delivery with short activation intervals provided the most favourable balance between surface smoothing and cell preservation. However, the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      safety of this approach remains uncertain, particularly when applied to thin cartilage layers such as those in the wrist.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/17531934261445820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T06:01:53Z","timestamp":1778133713000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Surface alterations and chondrocyte activity in articular cartilage after monopolar radiofrequency treatment"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Schmid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"von Schmeling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma Surgery, Sch\u00f6n Clinic Munich Harlaching, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Gehmert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany and M\u00fchlematt Praxis Oberwil, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Prantl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Ruewe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma Surgery and Emergency, University Hospital Regensburg and OTC Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2004.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-009-0949-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1996.57.06.860"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2006.058347"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199808)41:8<1331::AID-ART2>3.0.CO;2-J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546504271965"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-008-0604-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/147323001204000137"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1048-6666(01)80018-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465020300012801"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jars.2002.29893"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life12020188"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2012.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-015-0460-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2016.08.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1242086"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30417-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2014.44"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asmr.2023.100754"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-018-5321-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-8063(00)90119-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465030310031101"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-8063(03)00128-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546503258858"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2010.11.058"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.822286"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","article-title":"The effect of monopolar radiofrequency treatment pattern on joint capsular healing","volume":"28","author":"Lu Y","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lu Y, Hayashi K, Edwards RB, Fanton GS, Thabit G, Markel MD. 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