{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T23:34:41Z","timestamp":1792971281845,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]],"date-time":"2026-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780185600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Hand Surg Eur Vol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The wrist is a complex joint with tightly coupled intercarpal kinematics that remain difficult to interpret clinically. Traditional models, derived from static imaging and cadaveric studies, treat the wrist as a three-dimensional structure. However, wrist biomechanics is inherently dynamic, emerging from interactions across motion phases, loading conditions and functional tasks. Current limitations contribute to under-recognition of clinically relevant instability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This narrative review summarizes representative studies from the past 10\u201315\u2009years, with emphasis on\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      dynamic imaging studies reporting quantitative kinematic outcomes. Four modalities (4D-CT, biplanar videoradiography, four-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging and motion capture) were evaluated in terms of kinematic findings and clinical utility, with findings organized by substructure.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Dynamic imaging demonstrates that wrist kinematics are phase-, load- and task-dependent. Abnormalities such as scapholunate instability may only become apparent during specific phases of motion or under physiological loading. 4D-CT currently provides the most accessible\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      assessment of intercarpal coordination, while biplanar videoradiography offers high-precision kinematic analysis in controlled settings. Motion capture characterizes task-dependent wrist motion for functional activities but lacks intercarpal resolution, whereas four-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging offers potential for integrating soft-tissue behaviour, although current applications remain limited.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dynamic imaging shows that wrist instability arises from abnormal motion patterns rather than a static structural abnormality. Rather than competing, these modalities provide complementary, structure-specific insights. This framework supports clinical interpretation of wrist instability and guides appropriate technique selection. However, clinical interpretation will require further standardized protocols and clinically validated thresholds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/17531934261452068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T04:19:42Z","timestamp":1780287582000},"page":"1378-1385","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Dynamic imaging and wrist biomechanics: a narrative review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8769-1407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziyue","family":"Xiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China"},{"name":"Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8882-708X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shijie","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China"},{"name":"Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3344-333X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shanlin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China"},{"name":"Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.05.040"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4042769"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","article-title":"Biplanar videoradiography to study the wrist and distal radioulnar joints","volume":"168","author":"Akhbari B","year":"2021","unstructured":"Akhbari B, Morton AM, Moore DC, Crisco JJ. 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