{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T14:03:47Z","timestamp":1777730627747,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,1]],"date-time":"2009-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1233446400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Innate Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The involvement of TLR2 receptor in the innate response to infection with Bacillus anthracis was investigated. We studied the response to virulent or attenuated Vollum strains in either in vitro assays using macrophage cultures, or in an in vivo model comparing the sensitivity of Syrian hamster cells (expressing normal TLR2) to Chinese hamster cells (lacking functional TLR2) to infection by the various B. anthracis strains. Phagocytosis experiments with murine cell cultures or primary macrophages from both hamster strains, using virulent or attenuated Tox\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    Cap\n                    <jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>\n                    , Tox\n                    <jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>\n                    Cap\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    or Tox\n                    <jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>\n                    Cap\n                    <jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>\n                    spores indicated that the secretion of TNF-\u03b1 was induced by all the bacterial spores and purified spore antigens. In contrast, capsular antigens induce secretion of TNF-\u03b1 only by Syrian hamster macrophages indicating the involvement of a functional TLR2 in macrophage activation. Challenge experiments with both hamster strains by intranasal spore inoculation, indicated that, while both strains are equally sensitive to infection with the virulent strain, the Chinese hamster demonstrated a higher sensitivity to infection with the toxinogenic or encapsulated strains. In conclusion, our findings imply that TLR2 has an important role in the attempt of the innate immunity to control B. anthracis infection, although TNF-\u03b1 secretion was found to be mediated by both TLR2-dependent and TLR2-independent pathways.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425908100379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,7]],"date-time":"2009-02-07T02:52:09Z","timestamp":1233975129000},"page":"43-51","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Involvement of TLR2 in innate response to Bacillus anthracis infection"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Shay","family":"Weiss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haim","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological 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