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Thus, understanding the responses that result in less shedding may provide a mechanism for control. Fifty-four pigs were inoculated with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST) and clinical signs, fecal ST shedding, growth performance, peripheral cytokines and whole blood gene expression were measured. Persistently shedding (PS) pigs had longer pyrexia and elevated serum IL-1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b3 compared with low shedding (LS) pigs, while LS pigs had brief pyrexia, less shedding that decreased more rapidly and greater serum CXCL8 than PS pigs. The PS pigs up-regulated genes involved with the STAT1, IFNB1 and IFN-\u03b3 networks on d 2, while up-regulation of genes involved in immune response regulation were only detected in LS pigs. This is the first study to examine host responses to ST infection at a clinical, performance, cytokine and transcriptomic level. The results indicated that pigs with different shedding outcomes developed distinct immune responses within the first 2\u2009d of ST infection, and elucidated alternative mechanisms that could be targeted to reduce Salmonella shedding and spread.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425914525812","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,14]],"date-time":"2014-03-14T21:33:51Z","timestamp":1394832831000},"page":"227-241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["<i>Salmonella enterica<\/i>\n                    serovar Typhimurium-infected pigs with different shedding levels exhibit distinct clinical, peripheral cytokine and transcriptomic immune response phenotypes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Susan M","family":"Knetter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shawn MD","family":"Bearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting-Hua","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dason","family":"Kurkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martine","family":"Schroyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Nettleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Berman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan K","family":"Lunney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda E","family":"Ramer-Tait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J","family":"Wannemuehler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher K","family":"Tuggle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1753425914525812","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1701.P11101"},{"key":"bibr2-1753425914525812","unstructured":"Economic Research Service. 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