{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T23:37:31Z","timestamp":1790725051825,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,26]],"date-time":"2017-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Innate Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The pro-inflammatory potency and causal relationship with asthma of inhaled endotoxins have underscored the importance of accurately assessing the endotoxin content of organic dusts. The Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay has emerged as the preferred assay, but its ability to measure endotoxin in intact bacteria and organic dusts with similar sensitivity as purified endotoxin is unknown. We used metabolically radiolabeled Neisseria meningitidis and both rough and smooth Escherichia coli to compare dose-dependent activation in the LAL with purified endotoxin from these bacteria and shed outer membrane (OM) blebs. Labeled [\n                    <jats:sup>14<\/jats:sup>\n                    C]-3-OH-fatty acids were used to quantify the endotoxin content of the samples. Purified meningococcal and E. coli endotoxins and OM blebs displayed similar specific activity in the LAL assay to the purified LPS standard. In contrast, intact bacteria exhibited fivefold lower specific activity in the LAL assay but showed similar MD-2-dependent potency as purified endotoxin in inducing acute airway inflammation in mice. Pre-treatment of intact bacteria and organic dusts with 0.1 M Tris-HCl\/10\u2009mM EDTA increased by fivefold the release of endotoxin. These findings demonstrate that house dust and other organic dusts should be extracted with Tris\/EDTA to more accurately assess the endotoxin content and pro-inflammatory potential of these environmental samples.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425917694084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,27]],"date-time":"2017-02-27T01:11:09Z","timestamp":1488157869000},"page":"307-318","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Modification of sample processing for the\n                    <i>Limulus<\/i>\n                    amebocyte lysate assay enhances detection of inflammogenic endotoxin in intact bacteria and organic dust"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Kimberly A","family":"Hoppe Parr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzana","family":"Ha\u0111ina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brita","family":"Kilburg-Basnyat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dulce","family":"Chavez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Theresa L. Gioannini Women-in-Science fellowship, Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College, Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter S","family":"Thorne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerrold P","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology and Inflammation Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1753425917694084","first-page":"187","volume":"47","author":"Douwes J","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Occup 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