{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T08:13:22Z","timestamp":1783584802869,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Programa Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Estudios Avanzados","award":["contract: N\u00b0 PE501084497-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["contract: N\u00b0 PE501084497-2023"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020469","name":"Universidad Cient\u00edfica del Sur","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["087-2023-PRO99"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["087-2023-PRO99"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020469","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Innate Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Consider this Carrion's disease (CD) is a biphasic illness\u2014comprising acute and chronic phases\u2014endemic to Peru and caused by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bartonella bacilliformis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , a bacterium transmitted by sandflies. Despite its clinical relevance, the mechanisms underlying innate immune activation in response to\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. bacilliformis<\/jats:italic>\n                      remain poorly understood. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a central role in recognizing conserved molecular patterns present in pathogens, thereby initiating innate immune responses. The present study aimed to describe the expression patterns of TLR2 and TLR4, along with cytokine secretion profiles, during peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) exposure to\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. bacilliformis<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors were stimulated with heat-inactivated\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. bacilliformis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (ATCC 35685 strain), zymosan (TLR2 control), or\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      LPS (TLR4 control). TLR2 and TLR4 gene expression was quantified by RT-qPCR at 0, 12, 24, 36, and 48\u2005h. Cytokines were measured using a 17-plex panel. Analyses were descriptive, using non-parametric statistics.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results elicited measurable changes in the transcriptional expression of TLR2 and TLR4 during stimulation, with peak activation typically observed at 12\u2005h, although in one case the maximal response was delayed to 24\u2005h. These expression changes coincided with significant modulation of multiple cytokines, including pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-\u03b1, IL-17, IL-12p70), Th1\/Th2 cytokines (IFN-\u03b3, IL-2, IL-5, IL-13), regulatory cytokines (IL-10), and growth factors (GM-CSF, IL-7).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This exploratory study describes the transcriptional expression patterns of TLR2 and TLR4 and the accompanying cytokine responses in PBMCs exposed to\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. bacilliformis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . These profiles expand current knowledge of the early innate immune signature elicited by this neglected pathogen and provide a foundation for future studies using receptor-specific functional assays. Importantly, these patterns likely reflect early innate immune response signatures rather than definitive evidence of functional receptor activation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/17534259261446053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T08:10:18Z","timestamp":1783411818000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Innate immune recognition of\n                    <i>Bartonella bacilliformis<\/i>\n                    : TLR2\/TLR4 expression and cytokine modulation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4205-7198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angie K","family":"Castillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Cient\u00edfica del Sur"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda Molecular y Biotecnolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1854-1940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Enciso-Benavides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Cient\u00edfica del Sur"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Mayanga-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Cient\u00edfica Del Sur"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4431-2036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Cient\u00edfica del Sur"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4801-5642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruth","family":"Garc\u00eda-de-la-Guarda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda Molecular y Biotecnolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8384-2315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria J","family":"Pons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Cient\u00edfica del Sur"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001819"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","unstructured":"Ministerio de Salud. 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