{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T02:46:03Z","timestamp":1788403563680,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001778","name":"Deakin University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Epidemic Thunderstorm Asthma"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Epidemic Thunderstorm Asthma"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001778","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ther Adv Respir Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There have been 26 epidemic thunderstorm asthma (ETSA) events worldwide, with Melbourne at the epicentre of ETSA with 7 recorded events, and in 2016 experienced the deadliest ETSA event ever recorded. Health services and emergency departments were overwhelmed with thousands requiring medical care for acute asthma and 10 people died.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This multidisciplinary study was conducted across various health and science departments with the aim of improving our collective understanding of the mechanism behind ETSA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study involved time-resolved analysis of atmospheric sampling of the air for pollen and fungal spores, and intact and ruptured pollen compared with different weather parameters, pollution levels and clinical asthma presentations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Time-resolved pollen and fungal spore data collected by Deakin Air WATCH Burwood, underwent 3-h analysis, to better reflect the \u2018before\u2019, \u2018during\u2019 and \u2018after\u2019 ETSA time points, on the days leading up to and following the Melbourne 2016 event. Linear correlations were conducted with atmospheric pollution data provided by the Environment Protection Authority (EPA) of Victoria, weather data sourced from Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) and clinical asthma presentation data from the Victorian Agency for Health Information (VAHI) of Department of Health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Counts of ruptured grass pollen grains increased 250% when the thunderstorm outflow reached Burwood. Increased PM10, high relative humidity, decreased temperature and low ozone concentrations observed in the storm outflow were correlated with increased levels of ruptured grass pollen. In particular, high ozone levels observed 6\u2009h prior to this ETSA event may be a critical early indicator of impending ETSA event, since high ozone levels have been linked to increasing pollen allergen content and reducing pollen integrity, which may in turn contribute to enhanced pollen rupture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings presented in this article highlight the importance of including ruptured pollen and time-resolved analysis to forecast ETSA events and thus save lives.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/17534666231186726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T05:56:25Z","timestamp":1693374985000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The perfect storm: temporal analysis of air during the world\u2019s most deadly epidemic thunderstorm asthma (ETSA) event in Melbourne"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Dwan","family":"Price","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroAllergy Research Laboratory (NARL), School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"NeuroAllergy Research Laboratory (NARL), School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Deakin AirWATCH Pollen and Spore Counting and Forecasting Facility, Deakin University, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Victorian Department of Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Sustainable Bioproducts (CSB), School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kira M.","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroAllergy Research Laboratory (NARL), School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Deakin AirWATCH Pollen and Spore Counting and Forecasting Facility, Deakin University, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Sustainable Bioproducts (CSB), School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dulashi Withanage","family":"Dona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroAllergy Research Laboratory (NARL), School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Deakin AirWATCH Pollen and Spore Counting and Forecasting Facility, Deakin University, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Sustainable Bioproducts (CSB), School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip E.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, School of Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A. V.","family":"Morton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Stevanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0925-6566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francis","family":"Thien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Medicine, Eastern Health, Box Hill Hospital and Monash University, Box Hill, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment Protection Authority, Centre for Applied Sciences, Macleod, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Torre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment Protection Authority, Centre for Applied Sciences, Macleod, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0101-0668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cenk","family":"Suphioglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroAllergy Research Laboratory (NARL), School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds Campus, 75 Pidgons Road, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia"},{"name":"NeuroAllergy Research Laboratory (NARL), School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Deakin AirWATCH Pollen and Spore Counting and Forecasting Facility, Deakin University, VIC, Australi"},{"name":"Centre for Sustainable Bioproducts (CSB), School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-17534666231186726","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(18)30120-7"},{"key":"bibr2-17534666231186726","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000023953"},{"key":"bibr3-17534666231186726","first-page":"1510","volume":"9","author":"Price D","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Aller Clin Immunol"},{"key":"bibr4-17534666231186726","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13609"},{"key":"bibr5-17534666231186726","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.10.046"},{"key":"bibr6-17534666231186726","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201804-0682CI"},{"key":"bibr7-17534666231186726","first-page":"362","volume":"40","author":"Shah R","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aller Asth Proc"},{"key":"bibr8-17534666231186726","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)90864-Y"},{"key":"bibr9-17534666231186726","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1992.tb136994.x"},{"key":"bibr10-17534666231186726","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2002.120759"},{"key":"bibr11-17534666231186726","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14319"},{"key":"bibr12-17534666231186726","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-004-0092-3"},{"key":"bibr13-17534666231186726","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.56.6.468"},{"key":"bibr14-17534666231186726","volume-title":"Melbounre vegetation cover 2018, eastern region","author":"Hurley J","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr15-17534666231186726","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2021.1826310"},{"key":"bibr16-17534666231186726","unstructured":"Deakin AirWATCH. 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