{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T03:03:45Z","timestamp":1789959825705,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ther Adv Respir Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n The popularity of Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI)-powered chatbots is growing, with more patients using AI to understand respiratory conditions, including bronchiectasis. The quality of AI\u2019s responses to bronchiectasis-related questions has not previously been evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the reliability, accuracy, comprehensiveness, and understandability of responses generated by different AI-based chatbots to bronchiectasis-related questions formulated by patients.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design:<\/jats:title>\n Cross-sectional international study.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n People living with bronchiectasis from the EMBARC\/European Lung Foundation (ELF) patient advisory group formulated 15 bronchiectasis-related questions, categorised into 3 difficulty tiers. These questions were submitted to three AI-based chatbots: ChatGPT, Bard, and Copilot. An international group of 28 experts from the European Respiratory Societies (recruited through Assemblies and the CONNECT clinical research collaboration) and 33 patients evaluated the answers\u2019 reliability, accuracy, comprehensiveness, and understandability.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Of 45 outcomes, 37 were deemed reliable. Median accuracy scores ranged from 6.0 to 9.0, with ChatGPT scoring higher than Copilot and Bard (8.0 [7.0\u20139.0] vs 7.0 [6.0\u20138.0] vs 7.0 [6.0\u20138.0],\n p<\/jats:italic>\n -value\u2009<\u20090.001). Median comprehensiveness scores ranged from 6.0 to 9.0, with ChatGPT providing more comprehensive answers compared to Bard and Copilot (8.0 [7.0\u20139.0] vs 8.0 [6.0\u20139.0] vs 7.0 [6.0\u20138.0],\n p<\/jats:italic>\n -value\u2009<\u20090.001). Median understandability scores ranged from 7.0 to 10.0, with ChatGPT and Bard delivering more understandable answers than Copilot (9.0 [8.0\u201310.0] vs 9.0 [8.0\u201310.0] vs 9.0 [7.0\u201310.0],\n p<\/jats:italic>\n -value\u2009<\u20090.001). Differences in understandability were noted in Bard\u2019s responses across difficulty tiers (easy 9.0 [8.0\u201310.0] vs medium 9.0 [7.0\u201310.0] vs difficult 8.0 [7.0\u201310.0],\n p<\/jats:italic>\n -value\u2004=\u20040.012).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n AI software, particularly ChatGPT, provided accurate, comprehensive, and understandable answers to our 15 bronchiectasis-related questions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/17534666261464435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T06:03:01Z","timestamp":1789711381000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Artificial intelligence responses to bronchiectasis patients\u2019 questions: the AIR-BE study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4735-823X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mattia","family":"Nigro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Lombardy 20072, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Respiratory Unit, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, Lombardy 20089, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Aliverti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Angelucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Apostolos","family":"Bossios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Division of Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilary","family":"Pinnock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanette","family":"Boyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Lung Foundation, Sheffield, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pippa","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Lung Foundation, Sheffield, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Shteinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion\u2013Israel Institute of Technology Haifa, Haifa, Israel"},{"name":"Pulmonology Institute and CF Center, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James D.","family":"Chalmers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Aliberti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Respiratory Unit, Rozzano, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josje","family":"Altenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan F.","family":"Barker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Battaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PROMISE Department, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Blasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayoung","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Conio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Diseases Division, Cardiac, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Contin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOC Pneumologia, Ospedale dell\u2019Angelo, Azienda Ulss3 Serenissima Venezia Mestre"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan L.","family":"Crichton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David de","family":"la Rosa-Carillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Neumolog\u00eda, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Espa\u00f1a"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico L.","family":"Dente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Surgery, Medicine, Molecular Biology, and Critical Care, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Feldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Flume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pieter C.","family":"Goeminne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Disease, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Niklaas, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Gramegna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Iacovelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome Italy Pulmonology Respiratory and Critical Care Unit, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital Rome, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shailesh B.","family":"Kolekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Medicine, Zealand University Roskilde Hospital, Clinical Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irena F.","family":"Laska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Sleep Disorders Medicine, Western Health, Footscray, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Loebinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Host Defence Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosario","family":"Menendez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pneumology Department, Hospital Universitario y Polit\u00e9cnico La Fe-Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Pachas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Enfermedades Respiratorias Neumolog\u00eda Peruana, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix C.","family":"Ringshausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany; Biomedical Research in End-Stage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover, German Center for Lung Research, Hanover, Germany; European Reference Network on Rare and Complex Respiratory Diseases, Frankfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Scioscia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umberto","family":"Semenzato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Tramontano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome Italy Pulmonology Respiratory and Critical Care Unit, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital Rome, Rome, Italy; 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