{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T09:13:55Z","timestamp":1788340435632,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ther Adv Respir Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Achromobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    species (spp) is an emerging opportunistic organism more frequently isolated from immunocompromised patients\u2019 and hospital settings. This bacterium was once considered an environmental bacterium, but now it is recognized as a serious cause of respiratory infections, bloodstream infections, and urinary tract infections, particularly among patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), chronic illnesses, and medical devices. The purpose of this review is to highlight\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Achromobacte<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2019s clinical significance, pathogenic mechanism, and recent approaches for diagnosis and treatment. By utilizing specific keywords relevant to\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Achromobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., a comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed and Google Scholar. To summarize existing knowledge and highlight gaps in the literature, peer-reviewed studies on clinical relevance, pathogenicity, antimicrobial resistance, and therapeutic approaches were gathered, screened, and narratively assembled. Among the 19 identified species,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Achromobacter xylosoxidans<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A. xylosoxidans)<\/jats:italic>\n                    is the most prevalent and clinically relevant, especially in CF settings. This review explores the organism\u2019s microbiological characteristics, virulence strategies\u2014including robust biofilm formation, motility, and secretion systems\u2014and its alarming intrinsic and acquired resistance to antibiotics. Misidentification due to phenotypic overlap with other non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli complicates diagnosis, while limited MALDI-TOF MS and database representation hinders species-level identification. Genotyping methods, including multi-locus sequence analysis and housekeeping gene sequencing, offer superior resolution but remain underutilized in clinical diagnostics. With rising resistance mediated by \u03b2-lactamases, efflux pumps, and adaptive genomic traits,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Achromobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp presents a growing challenge for treatment and infection control. This review highlights the urgent need for improved diagnostic strategies, species-level clinical and microbiological data, and tailored therapeutic approaches to manage\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Achromobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. infections effectively.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/17534666261471308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T08:14:02Z","timestamp":1788164042000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>Achromobacter<\/i>\n                    species in cystic fibrosis and chronic lung disease: a review of virulence, antibiotic resistance, diagnostic challenges, and emerging therapies"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3205-2986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bandar 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Abdulrahman","family":"Alqarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Turki M.","family":"Alharthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3980-1177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khulud A.","family":"Alhazmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi 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