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However, despite evidence to suggest that adult Aboriginal Australians have higher bronchiectasis disease burden, the knowledge surrounding sputum antimicrobial susceptibility data is sparce.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the sputum antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among adult Aboriginal patients with bronchiectasis in the Northern Territory of Australia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients aged 18 years and over with sputum antimicrobial susceptibility results available between 2011-2020 during a respiratory related hospital admission (restricted to ICD J presentations) were included. The sputum samples were processed and antibacterial susceptibility reported as per recommended selective susceptibility testing guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 183 patients had positive sputum cultures. Of these, 167 had antimicrobial susceptibility tested. Antimicrobial resistance to at least one antibiotic was noted for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Haemophilus spp.<\/jats:italic>\n                      12 (7%),\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pseudomonas spp.<\/jats:italic>\n                      26 (15.4%),\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      18 (23.1%),\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus spp.<\/jats:italic>\n                      17 (47.2%) and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Klebsiella spp.<\/jats:italic>\n                      8 (88.9%). The greatest frequency of antimicrobial resistance was recorded against Ampicillin for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Haemophilus spp<\/jats:italic>\n                      . (5.8%), Ceftazidime for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pseudomonas spp.<\/jats:italic>\n                      (7.7%), Erythromycin for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      (20.5%), Flucloxacillin and Amoxycillin\/Clavulanate for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus spp.<\/jats:italic>\n                      (27.8%) and Ampicillin for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Klebsiella spp.<\/jats:italic>\n                      (88.9%). Multi-antimicrobial resistance was recorded in 31 unique patients. In univariate logistic regression models advancing age was associated with increased odds for antimicrobial resistance for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Haemophilus spp.<\/jats:italic>\n                      and patients with multi-antimicrobial resistance recorded a higher hospitalisation rate (median 14 vs. 8), more hours in intensive care (median 225.5 vs. 131) and left upper lobe bronchiectasis (41.9 vs 20.4%). Although, statistically not significant, the overall mortality was higher among patients demonstrating multi-antimicrobial resistance, including younger age at death.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results of this study may be of utility in advocating antimicrobial stewardship among adult Aboriginal\/Indigenous patients with bronchiectasis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/17534666261480883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T17:27:16Z","timestamp":1787592436000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sputum antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and clinical outcomes among adult Aboriginal Australians with bronchiectasis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Timothy","family":"Howarth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles Darwin University"},{"name":"Darwin Private Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelou","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Darwin Private Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debora","family":"Kirojan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Darwin Private Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"O\u2019Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Darwin Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metro South Hospital and Health Service"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0788-7137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Subash S.","family":"Heraganahally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles Darwin University"},{"name":"Darwin Private Hospital"},{"name":"Royal Darwin Hospital"},{"name":"Flinders University"},{"name":"Lung Foundation"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2022.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","volume-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","author":"Bird K","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bird K, Memon J. 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