{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T03:22:30Z","timestamp":1778728950563,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,7]],"date-time":"2014-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391731200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Clinical studies have established an inherent comorbidity between depression and the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Furthermore, this comorbidity seems to be more amplified in women than in men. To further investigate this comorbidity, a thorough literature review was conducted on studies from 1992 to date. The PubMed database was accessed using the keywords: cardiovascular disease, inflammation, depression, and sex differences. Both human and animal studies were considered. This review takes the standpoint that depression and CVD are both inflammatory disorders, and that their co-occurrence may be related to how the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis, serotonergic transmission and circulation, and the renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system via angiotensin II are affected by the excess secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. More recently, preliminary research attributes this systemic inflammation to a global deficiency in CD4+CD25+FOXP3 regulatory T cells. 17-\u03b2 estradiol and progesterone mediated modulation of cytokine secretion may partially explain the sex differences observed. These hormones and reproductive events associated with hormonal fluctuations are discussed in depth, including the analysis of perinatal models of depression and CVD, including preeclampsia. However, as evidenced by this review, there is a need for mechanistic research in humans to truly understand the nature and directionality of the relationship between depression and CVD. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1753944714521671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,8]],"date-time":"2014-02-08T05:40:19Z","timestamp":1391838019000},"page":"56-69","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Depression and cardiovascular disease in women: is there a common immunological basis? A theoretical synthesis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Lauren","family":"Wright","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MiNDS Neuroscience Program, McMaster University, Canada and Women\u2019s Health Concerns Clinic, St Joseph\u2019s Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MiNDS Neuroscience Program, McMaster University, Canada and Women\u2019s Health Concerns Clinic, St Joseph\u2019s Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan J.","family":"Van Lieshout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MiNDS Neuroscience Program, McMaster University, Canada and Women\u2019s Health Concerns Clinic, St Joseph\u2019s Healthcare, and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meir","family":"Steiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MiNDS Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Canada and Women\u2019s Health Concerns Clinic, St Joseph\u2019s Healthcare, 301 James Street South, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8P 3B6"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1753944714521671","first-page":"567","volume":"58","author":"Afshan G.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Lab"},{"key":"bibr2-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2010.03.007"},{"key":"bibr3-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.02.003"},{"key":"bibr4-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-005-0381-x"},{"key":"bibr5-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001884"},{"key":"bibr6-1753944714521671","first-page":"H765","volume":"297","author":"Bai X.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"bibr7-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr074"},{"key":"bibr8-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071231"},{"key":"bibr9-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00156-0"},{"key":"bibr10-1753944714521671","first-page":"1","author":"Bhasin P.","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"bibr11-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01643-8"},{"key":"bibr12-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2010.02660.x"},{"key":"bibr13-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00473-6"},{"key":"bibr14-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.01.024"},{"key":"bibr15-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00313020902885037"},{"key":"bibr16-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041184"},{"key":"bibr17-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1998.tb00398.x"},{"key":"bibr18-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2004.03.007"},{"key":"bibr19-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.2.180"},{"key":"bibr20-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2297"},{"key":"bibr21-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0496"},{"key":"bibr22-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.12175"},{"key":"bibr23-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2011.09.005"},{"key":"bibr24-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2011.11.009"},{"key":"bibr25-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.033"},{"key":"bibr26-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxh242"},{"key":"bibr27-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/j.1600-0412.2001.800703.x"},{"key":"bibr28-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/092986711795656027"},{"key":"bibr29-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2006.01.059"},{"key":"bibr30-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2012.05.002"},{"key":"bibr31-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.04.029"},{"key":"bibr32-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-131"},{"key":"bibr33-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1734-1140(11)70703-4"},{"key":"bibr34-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000183597.31630.db"},{"key":"bibr35-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2007.9.1\/ahglassman"},{"key":"bibr36-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890802046281"},{"key":"bibr37-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(03)01281-0"},{"key":"bibr38-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031356"},{"key":"bibr39-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.11.004"},{"key":"bibr40-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2013.04.009"},{"key":"bibr41-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2001"},{"key":"bibr42-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(02)02482-7"},{"key":"bibr43-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02691093"},{"key":"bibr44-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291712000955"},{"key":"bibr45-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-13-126"},{"key":"bibr46-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.03.075"},{"key":"bibr47-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2010.03.005"},{"key":"bibr48-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2010.2584"},{"key":"bibr49-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2007.12.032"},{"key":"bibr50-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00144.2011"},{"key":"bibr51-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2152\/jmi.55.133"},{"key":"bibr52-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/695925"},{"key":"bibr53-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-013-1507-z"},{"key":"bibr54-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.108.180976"},{"key":"bibr55-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000139856.20505.57"},{"key":"bibr56-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.K09E-075"},{"key":"bibr57-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03197.x"},{"key":"bibr58-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.593"},{"key":"bibr59-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042054"},{"key":"bibr60-1753944714521671","first-page":"1","author":"Kim D.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Womens Ment Health"},{"key":"bibr61-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI63891"},{"key":"bibr62-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1112603"},{"key":"bibr63-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2010.02.006"},{"key":"bibr64-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201142317"},{"key":"bibr65-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.10.018"},{"key":"bibr66-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2011.01.008"},{"key":"bibr67-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0b013e32833da5c3"},{"key":"bibr68-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2639"},{"key":"bibr69-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2012.07.007"},{"key":"bibr70-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/794762"},{"key":"bibr71-1753944714521671","first-page":"117","volume":"22","author":"Mbachu I.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nigerian J Med"},{"key":"bibr72-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.04.020"},{"key":"bibr73-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(99)00177-9"},{"key":"bibr74-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711002959"},{"key":"bibr75-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2010-101"},{"key":"bibr76-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2012_219"},{"key":"bibr77-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.1.617"},{"key":"bibr78-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2010.523481"},{"key":"bibr79-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2011.06.042"},{"key":"bibr80-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-010-9210-2"},{"key":"bibr81-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2012.04.085"},{"key":"bibr82-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903463"},{"key":"bibr83-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61689-4"},{"key":"bibr84-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-011-0741-3"},{"key":"bibr85-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2012.91"},{"key":"bibr86-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.03.011"},{"key":"bibr87-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1001714"},{"key":"bibr88-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2009.03.041"},{"key":"bibr89-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000107423"},{"key":"bibr90-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2013.81"},{"key":"bibr91-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.06.003"},{"key":"bibr92-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr394"},{"key":"bibr93-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.02.087"},{"key":"bibr94-1753944714521671","first-page":"2403","volume":"86","author":"Puder J.","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"bibr95-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.931903"},{"key":"bibr96-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2008.58"},{"key":"bibr97-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2011.584061"},{"key":"bibr98-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.236059"},{"key":"bibr99-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3182009701"},{"key":"bibr100-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.62.s82.4.x"},{"key":"bibr101-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs108"},{"key":"bibr102-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.09.032"},{"key":"bibr103-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2007.04.002"},{"key":"bibr104-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JCN.0b013e3182076a81"},{"key":"bibr105-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901154"},{"key":"bibr106-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11618"},{"key":"bibr107-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.30.1.35"},{"key":"bibr108-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.10.007"},{"key":"bibr109-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2004.04.060"},{"key":"bibr110-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-0115(00)00178-6"},{"key":"bibr111-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e3182184928"},{"key":"bibr112-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01770.x"},{"key":"bibr113-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2005.18.41"},{"key":"bibr114-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2012.04.006"},{"key":"bibr115-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000131266.38312.2e"},{"key":"bibr116-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063847"},{"key":"bibr117-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvr242"},{"key":"bibr118-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2011.04493.x"},{"key":"bibr119-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2010.02236.x"},{"key":"bibr120-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00432-9"},{"key":"bibr121-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2006.15.57"},{"key":"bibr122-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2012.45"},{"key":"bibr123-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(99)00092-6"},{"key":"bibr124-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12067"},{"key":"bibr125-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.8.5737"},{"key":"bibr126-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000071475"},{"key":"bibr127-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000105135"},{"key":"bibr128-1753944714521671","first-page":"269","volume":"276","author":"Velickovic N.","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"bibr129-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.10.040"},{"key":"bibr130-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-007-0179-1"},{"key":"bibr131-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2011.05.035"},{"key":"bibr132-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1383\/psyt.2006.5.5.166"},{"key":"bibr133-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-009-1341-x"},{"key":"bibr134-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvq408"},{"key":"bibr135-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2011.00019"},{"key":"bibr136-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e31819cc761"},{"key":"bibr137-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(13)60131-5"},{"key":"bibr138-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00222.2013"},{"key":"bibr139-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.2200"},{"key":"bibr140-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040479"},{"key":"bibr141-1753944714521671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2010.04.011"}],"container-title":["Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1753944714521671","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1753944714521671","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1753944714521671","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T00:49:51Z","timestamp":1740962991000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1753944714521671"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,7]]},"references-count":141,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1753944714521671"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1753944714521671","relation":{},"ISSN":["1753-9447","1753-9455"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1753-9447","type":"print"},{"value":"1753-9455","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,7]]}}}