{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T01:54:11Z","timestamp":1781920451698,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Our aim was to review the published literature evaluating treatment approaches for chronic heart failure (HF), notably as it relates to African American patients. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title><jats:p> We undertook a comprehensive database search (1986\u20132017) of PubMed, EMBASE, and Ovid\/MEDLINE utilizing terms \u2018African American\u2019, \u2018black\u2019, \u2018chronic heart failure\u2019, \u2018heart failure\u2019, \u2018medication\u2019, \u2018chronic therapy\u2019, and \u2018clinical trials\u2019. Additional notable studies were obtained from ClinicalTrials.gov . Studies published in English that examine treatment modalities of chronic HF in African American and non-African American patients were included. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Examples of current gaps worthy of investigation include whether to maximize thiazides and calcium-channel blockers prior to adding renin\u2013angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors or beta blockers in HF with preserved ejection fraction; whether hydralazine\/isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) should be initiated during earlier HF stages; whether to prioritize hydralazine\/ISDN over other agents such as RAS inhibitors; varying response of African Americans to different agents within drug classes; and the role of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Further studies are needed in order for consensus guidelines to clarify how best to treat this population. 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