{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T10:22:54Z","timestamp":1776421374370,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Peripheral artery disease affects over 236\u2009million people globally and the classic symptom is intermittent claudication (IC) which is associated with reduction in physical activity. The evidence that supervised exercise programmes (SEPs) improve pain-free and maximal walking distance is irrefutable. However, adherence rates are low with exercise-related pain cited as a contributing factor. National and international guidelines recommend exercising at a moderate to maximal level of claudication pain to improve walking ability; however, exercising pain-free or at mild claudication pain has been shown to achieve this outcome. There is limited evidence that compares the relative effects of exercise prescribed at different levels of claudication pain. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p> The objective of this study is to directly compare the effects of exercise prescribed at three different levels of claudication pain on walking performance. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title><jats:p> This study will be a single-centre randomised controlled trial. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Based on an a priori power calculation, 51 patients with IC will be allocated to 24\u2009weeks of twice-weekly pain-free (PF), moderate pain (MOD-P) or maximal pain (MAX-P) exercise. The PF group will cease exercise at the onset of claudication (1 on the 0\u20134 IC rating scale), the MOD-P group will stop once moderate pain is reached (2 on the rating scale) and the MAX-P group will stop once maximal pain is reached (4 on the rating scale). <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Analysis:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Outcome measures will be assessed at baseline, 12 and 24\u2009weeks adopting an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to compare MWD across three time points. The primary outcome for the trial will be change in maximal treadmill walking distance at 12 and 24\u2009weeks. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Registration:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Trial registration number: NCT04370327. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/17539447221108817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T12:54:38Z","timestamp":1656420878000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effects of exercise prescribed at different levels of claudication pain on walking performance in patients with intermittent claudication: a protocol for a randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0422-6843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan T.","family":"Birkett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Sinclair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sally A.","family":"Seed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Pymer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Vascular Surgical Unit, Hull York Medical School, Hull, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Caldow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Salford, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Ingle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Hull, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy E.","family":"Harwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anselm","family":"Egun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-17539447221108817","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200105243442108"},{"key":"bibr2-17539447221108817","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30255-4"},{"key":"bibr3-17539447221108817","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.303849"},{"key":"bibr4-17539447221108817","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx095"},{"key":"bibr5-17539447221108817","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2016.179"},{"key":"bibr6-17539447221108817","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2012.05.005"},{"key":"bibr7-17539447221108817","volume-title":"Peripheral arterial disease: diagnosis and management","author":"NICE","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr8-17539447221108817","unstructured":"NICE. National costings report for clinical guidance CG147: lower limb peripheral artery disease: diagnosis and management. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), 2012."},{"key":"bibr9-17539447221108817","volume":"12","author":"Lane R","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"bibr10-17539447221108817","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2016.02.009"},{"key":"bibr11-17539447221108817","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17085381211035259."},{"key":"bibr12-17539447221108817","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-014-9408-4"},{"key":"bibr13-17539447221108817","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487319846997"},{"key":"bibr14-17539447221108817","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200434140-00004"},{"key":"bibr15-17539447221108817","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.11.008"},{"key":"bibr16-17539447221108817","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000623"},{"key":"bibr17-17539447221108817","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2012.04.046"},{"key":"bibr18-17539447221108817","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.04.024"},{"key":"bibr19-17539447221108817","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2012.10.003"},{"key":"bibr20-17539447221108817","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.phm.0000176346.94747.49"},{"key":"bibr21-17539447221108817","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2021.06.025"},{"key":"bibr22-17539447221108817","volume-title":"ACSM\u2019s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription","author":"American College of Sports Medicine","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr23-17539447221108817","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2019.100389"},{"key":"bibr24-17539447221108817","volume-title":"Standards for physical activity and exercise in the cardiovascular population","author":"Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Cardiac Rehabilitation","year":"2015","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr25-17539447221108817","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137759"},{"key":"bibr26-17539447221108817","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199104000-00003"},{"key":"bibr27-17539447221108817","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249277"},{"key":"bibr28-17539447221108817","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.2001.112326"},{"key":"bibr29-17539447221108817","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(05)80040-0"},{"key":"bibr30-17539447221108817","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/0301-1526\/a000654"},{"key":"bibr31-17539447221108817","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149"},{"key":"bibr32-17539447221108817","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2018.10.065"},{"key":"bibr33-17539447221108817","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-135"},{"key":"bibr34-17539447221108817","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-3-201302050-00583"},{"key":"bibr35-17539447221108817","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"bibr36-17539447221108817","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c869"},{"key":"bibr37-17539447221108817","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1687"},{"key":"bibr38-17539447221108817","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17085381211070700."}],"container-title":["Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/17539447221108817","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/17539447221108817","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/17539447221108817","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T05:52:35Z","timestamp":1740981155000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/17539447221108817"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/17539447221108817"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17539447221108817","relation":{},"ISSN":["1753-9447","1753-9455"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1753-9447","type":"print"},{"value":"1753-9455","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"article-number":"17539447221108817"}}