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Multiple epidemiological studies and meta-analyses have confirmed that obesity, especially abdominal, visceral obesity, is a risk factor for gastro-oesophageal reflux, Barrett\u2019s oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Although visceral obesity enhances gastro-oesophageal reflux, the available data also show that visceral obesity increases the risk of Barrett\u2019s oesophagus and adenocarcinoma via reflux-independent mechanisms. Several possible mechanisms could link obesity with the risk of oesophageal adenocarcinoma in addition to mechanical effects increasing reflux. These include reduced gastric\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection, altered intestinal microbiome, factors related to lifestyle, the metabolic syndrome and associated low-grade inflammation induced by obesity and the secretion of mediators by adipocytes which may directly influence the oesophageal epithelium. Of these adipocyte-derived mediators, increased leptin levels have been independently associated with progression to oesophageal adenocarcinoma and in laboratory studies leptin enhances malignant behaviours in cell lines. Adiponectin is also secreted by adipocytes and levels decline with obesity: decreased serum adiponectin levels are associated with malignant progression in Barrett\u2019s oesophagus and experimentally adiponectin exerts anticancer effects in Barrett\u2019s cell lines and inhibits growth factor signalling. At present there are no proven chemopreventative interventions that may reduce the incidence of obesity-associated oesophageal cancer: observational studies suggest that the combined use of a statin and aspirin or another cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor is associated with a significantly reduced cancer incidence in patients with Barrett\u2019s oesophagus.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283x14538689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,11]],"date-time":"2014-06-11T23:08:09Z","timestamp":1402528089000},"page":"247-268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["The role of obesity in oesophageal cancer development"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Long","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian L.P.","family":"Beales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2007.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-9-56"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.11.051"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2050.2011.01285.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.21840"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i10.1585"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.057497"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2011.12.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-009-0930-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.47.0798"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/168.1.219"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.42.2.227"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.48.6.782"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.08.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4292\/wjgpt.v4.i3.69"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2007.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/JME-08-0096"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.24875"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-7-97"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-013-0253-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.7100"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2050.2011.01205.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","first-page":"130","article-title":"Ghrelin, Helicobacter pylori and body mass: is there an association?","volume":"14","author":"Boltin D.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Boltin D., Niv Y. 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