{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T13:46:14Z","timestamp":1762004774811,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,25]],"date-time":"2016-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1453680000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Therap Adv Gastroenterol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Clonidine is considered an alternative treatment for refractory diarrhoea. The evidence in the literature is scarce and not conclusive. The present paper\u2019s purpose is to gather available evidence and provide a systematic answer regarding the effectiveness of clonidine for diarrhoea. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title><jats:p> We performed a systematic review of clonidine and its effect on diarrhoea. Meta-analysis was performed with a random effects model of the standardized mean difference (SMD) or the weighted mean difference and heterogeneity was quantified with I<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> and publication bias was assessed with Egger\u2019s and Begg\u2019s test. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression were performed to investigate sources of heterogeneity. Any empirical study describing use of clonidine for diarrhoea in humans independent of age was included. For the meta-analysis, papers had to provide sufficient data to produce an effect measure, while case reports were not included in the meta-analysis and are discussed narratively only. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p> A total of 24 trials and seven case reports were identified. Clonidine (median dose 300 \u03bcg\/day) has been used for treatment of diarrhoea in irritable bowel syndrome, faecal incontinence, diabetes, withdrawal-associated diarrhoea, intestinal failure, neuroendocrine tumours and cholera; studies were also performed on healthy volunteers. Results indicate a strong effect of clonidine on diarrhoea (SMD = \u22121.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] \u22121.46 to \u22120.58) with a decrease of stool volume by 0.97 l\/day, stool frequency by 0.4 times\/day and increase in transit time by 31 minutes. In a sensitivity analysis of studies with functional diarrhoea and sample size over 10 subjects, the effect was similar \u22120.99 (95% CI \u22121.54 to \u22120.43). There is however significant heterogeneity and publication bias. Heterogeneity decreased in subgroup analyses by condition but not with other factors examined. A limitation of the present study includes small study effects. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Clonidine is effective for treatment of diarrhoea and should be considered as an alternative when all other medications have failed. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283x15625586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,26]],"date-time":"2016-01-26T02:58:55Z","timestamp":1453777135000},"page":"282-301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["What about clonidine for diarrhoea? 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