{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T09:02:12Z","timestamp":1768986132681,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Therap Adv Gastroenterol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) plays a significant role in the metabolism of thiopurines, and, for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), it is useful to perform TPMT genotyping prior to azathioprine (AZA) treatment. In this study, we determined TPMT gene polymorphisms in a cohort of IBD patients in Latvia. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p> DNA samples were obtained from 244 IBD patients, and qPCR was performed for detection of rs1800462, rs1800460, and rs1142345 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Three common, non-functional TPMT alleles ( TPMT*2, *3B, and *3C) were identified (women, 51%; men, 49%). TPMT*2, *3A, *3B, and *3C allelic variants detected using qPCR were consistent with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) data. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Among patients, 78% had ulcerative colitis and 22% had Crohn\u2019s disease, with 93.9% of the former carrying a wild-type homozygous TPMT*1\/*1 genotype and 6.1% carrying heterozygous genotypes. The most frequent polymorphisms were TPMT*1\/*3A (5.3%: two variants: TPMT*3B and TPMT*3C), TPMT*1\/*3C (0.4%), and TPMT*1\/*2 (0.4%). None of the patients carried a TPMT*3B polymorphism and no patients were homozygous for any mutation. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p> This is the first study to identify TPMT gene polymorphisms in adult IBD patients in Latvia. The results indicate that the frequency of common TPMT alleles is similar to that of other European populations. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1756284820937426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]],"date-time":"2020-07-14T10:19:53Z","timestamp":1594721993000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Thiopurine <i>S<\/i>-methyltransferase genetic polymorphisms in adult patients with inflammatory bowel diseases in the Latvian population"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3657-6418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Polina","family":"Zalizko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Raina blv 19, Riga, 1586, Latvia"},{"name":"Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juris","family":"Stefanovics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Personalized Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jelizaveta","family":"Sokolovska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Personalized Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Paramonova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Biology of the University of Latvia, Salaspils, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evija","family":"Klavina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renars","family":"Erts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vita","family":"Rovite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janis","family":"Klovins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aldis","family":"Pukitis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1756284820937426","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1034834"},{"key":"bibr2-1756284820937426","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0121745","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121745","volume":"10","author":"Liu YP","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bibr3-1756284820937426","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40291-016-0217-0"},{"key":"bibr4-1756284820937426","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i12.3327"},{"key":"bibr5-1756284820937426","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.051"},{"key":"bibr6-1756284820937426","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003326"},{"key":"bibr7-1756284820937426","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5223\/pghn.2013.16.2.65"},{"key":"bibr8-1756284820937426","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i7.1040"},{"key":"bibr9-1756284820937426","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9120(00)00175-2"},{"key":"bibr10-1756284820937426","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12226"},{"key":"bibr11-1756284820937426","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i13.3475"},{"key":"bibr12-1756284820937426","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2014.07.088"},{"key":"bibr13-1756284820937426","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00843.x"},{"key":"bibr14-1756284820937426","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.463"},{"key":"bibr15-1756284820937426","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs.16.12"},{"key":"bibr16-1756284820937426","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-3565(04)00127-2"},{"key":"bibr17-1756284820937426","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20170079"},{"key":"bibr18-1756284820937426","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep34658"},{"key":"bibr19-1756284820937426","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622315579063"},{"key":"bibr20-1756284820937426","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1871525715666170529091921"},{"key":"bibr21-1756284820937426","unstructured":"Dean L. Azathioprine therapy and TPMT genotype. In: Pratt V, McLeod H, Rubinstein W, et al. (eds.) Medical genetics summaries. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2012 https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK61999\/ (2012, accessed 3 May 2016)."},{"key":"bibr22-1756284820937426","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs.14.32"},{"key":"bibr23-1756284820937426","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2014.00096"},{"key":"bibr24-1756284820937426","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14323"},{"key":"bibr25-1756284820937426","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/flgastro-2015-100681"},{"key":"bibr26-1756284820937426","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15403"},{"key":"bibr27-1756284820937426","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjz009"},{"key":"bibr28-1756284820937426","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.07.032"},{"key":"bibr29-1756284820937426","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01511.x"},{"key":"bibr30-1756284820937426","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02630.x"},{"key":"bibr31-1756284820937426","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55080441"},{"key":"bibr32-1756284820937426","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.06.002"}],"container-title":["Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1756284820937426","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1756284820937426","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1756284820937426","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T18:17:25Z","timestamp":1741025845000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1756284820937426"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1756284820937426"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1756284820937426","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-2848","1756-2848"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-2848","type":"print"},{"value":"1756-2848","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"article-number":"1756284820937426"}}