{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T19:17:02Z","timestamp":1793647022159,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gilead Research scholarship grant"},{"name":"ITN Marie Curie BestTreat & Building a Gut Microbiome Engineering Toolbox for In-Situ Therapeutic Treatments for Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","award":["813781"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["813781"]}]},{"name":"Amsterdam UMC Fellowship grant, Holland Health TKI-PPP grant"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Therap Adv Gastroenterol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> In recent years, the human gut microbiome has been found to influence a multitude of non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome, with its components type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. It is recognized to be mainly influenced by environmental factors, such as lifestyle, but also genetics may play a role. The interaction of gut microbiota and obesity has been widely studied, but in regard to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as a manifestation of obesity and insulin resistance, the causal role of the gut microbiome has not been fully established. The mechanisms by which the gut microbiome influences lipid accumulation, inflammatory responses, and occurrence of fibrosis in the liver are a topic of active research. <\/jats:p><jats:p> In addition, the influence of exercise on gut microbiome composition is also being investigated. In clinical trials, exercise reduced hepatic steatosis independently of weight reduction. Other studies indicate that exercise may modulate the gut microbiome. This puts forward the question whether exercise could mediate its beneficial effects on NAFLD via changes in gut microbiome. Yet, the specific mechanisms underlying this potential connection are largely unknown. Thus, associative evidence from clinical trials, as well as mechanistic studies in vivo are called for to elucidate the relationship between exercise and the gut microbiome in NAFLD. Here, we review the current literature on exercise and the gut microbiome in NAFLD. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1756284820941745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]],"date-time":"2020-09-15T08:03:43Z","timestamp":1600157023000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["The role of the gut microbiome and exercise in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6430-7007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veera","family":"Houttu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrika","family":"Boulund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aldo","family":"Grefhorst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maarten R.","family":"Soeters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara-Joan","family":"Pinto-Sietsma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Nieuwdorp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriaan G.","family":"Holleboom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1756284820941745","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global health risks, http:\/\/www.who.int\/healthinfo\/global_burden_disease\/GlobalHealthRisks_report_full.pdf (2009, accessed 11 November 2019)."},{"key":"bibr2-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.06.021"},{"key":"bibr3-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28431"},{"key":"bibr4-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13301"},{"key":"bibr5-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29085"},{"key":"bibr6-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.043."},{"key":"bibr7-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.686"},{"key":"bibr8-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181949333"},{"key":"bibr9-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29367"},{"key":"bibr10-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.11.004"},{"key":"bibr11-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000442721"},{"key":"bibr12-1756284820941745","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease assessment and management. UK, https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng49\/resources\/nonalcoholic-fatty-liver-disease-nafld-assessment-and-management-pdf-1837461227461 (2016, accessed 12 November 2019)."},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr13-1756284820941745","first-page":"467","volume-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol","volume":"48","author":"Review Team","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr14-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12719"},{"key":"bibr15-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02323."},{"key":"bibr16-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002112"},{"key":"bibr17-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-019-0440-y"},{"key":"bibr18-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.039206"},{"key":"bibr19-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08821"},{"key":"bibr20-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-016-0278-4"},{"key":"bibr21-1756284820941745","first-page":"e7","volume":"30","author":"Yuan J","year":"2019","journal-title":"Klebsiella pneumoniae. Cell Metab"},{"key":"bibr22-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-018-0183-1"},{"key":"bibr23-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201809302"},{"key":"bibr24-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241214"},{"key":"bibr25-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05414"},{"key":"bibr26-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0407076101"},{"key":"bibr27-1756284820941745","volume":"8","author":"Kim H-N","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"bibr28-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28572"},{"key":"bibr29-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20010001"},{"key":"bibr30-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26319"},{"key":"bibr31-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9101124."},{"key":"bibr32-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(82)80403-4"},{"key":"bibr33-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(91)90224-9"},{"key":"bibr34-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.02.015"},{"key":"bibr35-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.06.028"},{"key":"bibr36-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00743"},{"key":"bibr37-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-020-04648-4."},{"key":"bibr38-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9040933"},{"key":"bibr39-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19753-9"},{"key":"bibr40-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26093"},{"key":"bibr41-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2019.7943."},{"key":"bibr42-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7010014"},{"key":"bibr43-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.02.015"},{"key":"bibr44-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605374104"},{"key":"bibr45-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.04.004"},{"key":"bibr46-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510001303"},{"key":"bibr47-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303816"},{"key":"bibr48-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-017-2693-8"},{"key":"bibr49-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.017400"},{"key":"bibr50-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.010132"},{"key":"bibr51-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318320."},{"key":"bibr52-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.08.020"},{"key":"bibr53-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2015.84"},{"key":"bibr54-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.90231"},{"key":"bibr55-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-1213"},{"key":"bibr56-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.12.016"},{"key":"bibr57-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314050"},{"key":"bibr58-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.60668"},{"key":"bibr59-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20061740"},{"key":"bibr60-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4611"},{"key":"bibr61-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307913"},{"key":"bibr62-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db05-1360"},{"key":"bibr63-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28095"},{"key":"bibr64-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20754"},{"key":"bibr65-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41424-018-0025-4"},{"key":"bibr66-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6083303"},{"key":"bibr67-1756284820941745","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"Schilderink R","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"bibr68-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2010.04.017"},{"key":"bibr69-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-6927com"},{"key":"bibr70-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-1403"},{"key":"bibr71-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22848"},{"key":"bibr72-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2015.01.001"},{"key":"bibr73-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2014.12.015"},{"key":"bibr74-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17140\/LROJ-1-106"},{"key":"bibr75-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2017.04.019"},{"key":"bibr76-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00134.2015"},{"key":"bibr77-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i40.14672"},{"key":"bibr78-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02244.x"},{"key":"bibr79-1756284820941745","first-page":"434","volume":"55","author":"Ludwig J","year":"1980","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"bibr80-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000282080"},{"key":"bibr81-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2000.19267"},{"key":"bibr82-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-012-2112-9"},{"key":"bibr83-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8507583."},{"key":"bibr84-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiu002"},{"key":"bibr85-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-308379"},{"key":"bibr86-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2015.06.020"},{"key":"bibr87-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)53967-3","volume":"268","author":"Da Costa KA","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"bibr88-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/16.2.327"},{"key":"bibr89-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1109400"},{"key":"bibr90-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.11.049"},{"key":"bibr91-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607101025005260"},{"key":"bibr92-1756284820941745","first-page":"1399","volume":"22","author":"Buchman AL","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"bibr93-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3727\/105221617X15124844266408"},{"key":"bibr94-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i15.4382"},{"key":"bibr95-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20150308"},{"key":"bibr96-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.07.031"},{"key":"bibr97-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00055.2013"},{"key":"bibr98-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20150447"},{"key":"bibr99-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-2353"},{"key":"bibr100-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.2018.1411171"},{"key":"bibr101-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2017.08.012"},{"key":"bibr102-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25548"},{"key":"bibr103-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43029"},{"key":"bibr104-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22509","volume":"27","author":"Malden D","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"bibr105-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26393"},{"key":"bibr106-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-018-0933-z"},{"key":"bibr107-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-018-3818-y"},{"key":"bibr108-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.28066"},{"key":"bibr109-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.01.042"},{"key":"bibr110-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000000647"},{"key":"bibr111-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0618-8278(19)30117-3"},{"key":"bibr112-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2006.01342.x"},{"key":"bibr113-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2018.10.027"},{"key":"bibr114-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2014.03.012"},{"key":"bibr115-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001495"},{"key":"bibr116-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.11.001"},{"key":"bibr117-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00537.2015"},{"key":"bibr118-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092193."},{"key":"bibr119-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11010149"},{"key":"bibr120-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214660"},{"key":"bibr121-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-19-0122"},{"key":"bibr122-1756284820941745","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.90904.2008"},{"issue":"17","key":"bibr123-1756284820941745","volume":"17","author":"Chen J","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"}],"container-title":["Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1756284820941745","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1756284820941745","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1756284820941745","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T18:43:18Z","timestamp":1741027398000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1756284820941745"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"references-count":123,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1756284820941745"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1756284820941745","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-2848","1756-2848"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-2848","type":"print"},{"value":"1756-2848","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"article-number":"1756284820941745"}}