{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:10:24Z","timestamp":1790871024028,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,12]],"date-time":"2025-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744416000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,12]],"date-time":"2025-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744416000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Therap Adv Gastroenterol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), previously known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is an increasingly prevalent liver disorder.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigated the effect of smoking status on various clinical outcomes in MASLD and metabolic dysfunction and alcohol-associated liver disease (MetALD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study is a retrospective cohort analysis utilizing data from the UK Biobank (Application ID: 117214). Participants were categorized as current, previous, or never smokers, and outcomes were analyzed using inverse probability of treatment weighting to adjust for confounders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The primary outcomes were all-cause mortality and liver-related mortality. Secondary outcomes included incidence of liver cirrhosis, hepatic decompensation, cardio-cerebrovascular diseases (CVD), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were employed to evaluate associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Previous and never smokers had significantly lower hazard ratios (HRs) for mortality compared to current smokers in all cohorts (HR: 0.33, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.31\u20130.35,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001 for never smokers in No SLD cohort, HR: 0.43, 95% CI: 0.41\u20130.44,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001 for never smokers in MASLD cohort, and HR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.38\u20130.45,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001 for never smokers in MetALD cohort). Previous and never smokers showed significantly lower incidences of liver cirrhosis compared to current smokers across all cohorts, except for MetALD. Previous and never smokers showed lower incidences of CVD compared to current smokers. In the MASLD cohort, never smokers had the lowest incidence of hepatic decompensation and HCC. In the MetALD cohort, no significant differences were observed in the risk of hepatic decompensation and HCC between different smoking statuses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Smoking is related to worse survival outcomes and higher incidences of liver cirrhosis and CVD in MASLD and MetALD cohorts. Therefore, smoking cessation and prevention are crucial strategies for reducing the burden of liver disease and improving patient prognosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/17562848251331315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,12]],"date-time":"2025-04-12T17:13:28Z","timestamp":1744478008000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A comprehensive analysis of the impact of smoking on adverse clinical outcomes of steatotic liver diseases"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Keungmo","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaejun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Won","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung Yun","family":"Chae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beom Sun","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0027-0249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Digestive Research, Digestive Disease Center, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, 59 Daesagwan-ro, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 04401, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000520"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2023.0277"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16020259"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-87031-3.00029-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2024.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HC9.0000000000000251"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-44047-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14779072.2023.2264179"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-14-406"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.07.040"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.604919"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6028952"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.241797"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12093336"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1015919"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.08.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000935"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-6-33"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.06.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","article-title":"Treatment for hepatorenal syndrome in people with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Best LM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Best LM, Freeman SC, Sutton AJ, et al. 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