{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T02:03:05Z","timestamp":1787882585198,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771718400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Alfasigma S.p.A. Italy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Therap Adv Gastroenterol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Diarrhea, whether acute or chronic, is a common clinical condition with numerous causes that collectively impose significant health, economic, social, and psychological burdens worldwide. Based on its duration, diarrhea is classified as acute when lasting less than 2\u2009weeks and chronic when persisting for more than 4\u2009weeks. From a pathophysiological standpoint, diarrhea can be categorized into four main types: osmotic, secretory, inflammatory, and motility-related. Acute diarrhea is most commonly caused by infectious gastroenteritis and tends to have a self-limited course. In contrast, chronic diarrhea presents a more complex diagnostic challenge due to its varied etiologies and clinical presentations. A shared feature among many causes of both acute and chronic diarrhea is an alteration in the gut microbiota, a condition referred to as dysbiosis. While acute infections often result in temporary microbial imbalance, chronic conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome and symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease are associated with persistent dysbiosis. This review aims to explore the most prevalent causes and underlying mechanisms of acute and chronic diarrhea, with a particular focus on the role of the gut microbiota. It will also examine the principal therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating intestinal microbiota, including prebiotics, probiotics, antibiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/17562848261424324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T07:15:18Z","timestamp":1771830918000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Diarrhea management: from pathophysiology to microbiota modulation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Marasco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Meacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Sarnelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive and Nutritional Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples \u201cFederico II,\u201d Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cesare","family":"Tosetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care, Porretta Terme, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7777-2936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesare","family":"Cremon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edoardo Vincenzo","family":"Savarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9745-0726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Barbara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, Via Massarenti, 9, Bologna 40138, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2120-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31678-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","article-title":"Global epidemiology and management of acute diarrhea in children from developing countries","volume":"8","author":"Sanyaolu A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sanyaolu A, Okorie C, Marinkovic A, et al. Global epidemiology and management of acute diarrhea in children from developing countries. Ann Pediatr Child Health 2020; 8: 1205.","journal-title":"Ann Pediatr Child Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2017.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CEG.S6554"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1998.tb140248.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/174.Supplement_1.S12"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","article-title":"Acute gastroenteritis in the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"360","author":"Di Re A","unstructured":"Di Re A, Liang Y, Gosselink MP, et al. Acute gastroenteritis in the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Crohns Colitis 360 2021; 3: otab065.","journal-title":"Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1401.070524"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31821fbf58"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17513"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.37095"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116483"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","first-page":"453","article-title":"Economic burden of irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea: retrospective analysis of a U.S. commercially insured population","volume":"23","author":"Buono JL","year":"2017","unstructured":"Buono JL, Mathur K, Averitt AJ, et al. Economic burden of irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea: retrospective analysis of a U.S. commercially insured population. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2017; 23: 453\u2013460.","journal-title":"J Manag Care Spec Pharm"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-017-0611-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-014-0502-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paed.2012.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(81)80112-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","first-page":"1461","article-title":"Chronic diarrhea: evaluation and treatment","volume":"48","author":"Lipsky MS","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lipsky MS, Adelman M. Chronic diarrhea: evaluation and treatment. Am Fam Physician 1993; 48: 1461\u20131466.","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix959"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-315909"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.14.04168"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70513-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-024-00884-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1301069"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)00128-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","first-page":"72","article-title":"Acute diarrhea in adults","volume":"106","author":"Meisenheimer ES","year":"2022","unstructured":"Meisenheimer ES, Epstein C, Thiel D. Acute diarrhea in adults. Am Fam Physician 2022; 106: 72\u201380.","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2025.e00408"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001081"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","article-title":"The role of microbiome and probiotics in chemo-radiotherapy-induced diarrhea: a narrative review of the current evidence","volume":"7","author":"Khorashadizadeh S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khorashadizadeh S, Abbasifar S, Yousefi M, et al. The role of microbiome and probiotics in chemo-radiotherapy-induced diarrhea: a narrative review of the current evidence. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2024; 7: e70029.","journal-title":"Cancer Rep (Hoboken)"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1329534"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-022-00443-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","article-title":"Typical and atypical presentations of appendicitis and their implications for diagnosis and treatment: a literature review","volume":"15","author":"Echevarria S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Echevarria S, et al. Typical and atypical presentations of appendicitis and their implications for diagnosis and treatment: a literature review. Cureus 2023; 15: e37024.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ams2.587"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318484"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2022.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640620951905"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000501"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CEG.S340929"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2022.06.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21381"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000048854"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7270486"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jhm.2135"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-012-0827-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","first-page":"1641","article-title":"Diarrhea","volume":"29","author":"Warren RE","year":"1983","unstructured":"Warren RE. Diarrhea. Can Fam Physician 1983; 29: 1641\u20131645.","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.03970.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00316.2021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2016.1192743"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2055943"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-3565(04)00003-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2012.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-12-386860-2\/00151-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1990.00390140018005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.24.5.405"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","first-page":"297","article-title":"A pilot study of motility and tone of the left colon in patients with diarrhea due to functional disorders and dysautonomia","volume":"92","author":"Choi MG","year":"1997","unstructured":"Choi MG, Camilleri M, O\u2019Brien MD, et al. A pilot study of motility and tone of the left colon in patients with diarrhea due to functional disorders and dysautonomia. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92: 297\u2013302.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000002002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2015.08.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(02)00114-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.395"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38940.664363.AE"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000152"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.07.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12674"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12259"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2012.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-S4-P20"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002689910029"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2013.02.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2018.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra062477"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2022.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-024-03588-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17562848241255297"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-015-4020-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15183"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/falgy.2024.1505834"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.03.035"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001964"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03365-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12081669"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2274128"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14104"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-025-03930-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13040484"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2157697"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_89_2","first-page":"11","article-title":"Gut microbiota signatures and modulation in irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Marasco G","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marasco G, Cremon C, Barbaro MR, et al. Gut microbiota signatures and modulation in irritable bowel syndrome. Microbiome Res Rep 2022; 1: 11.","journal-title":"Microbiome Res Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0260-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000961"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2017.01.142"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2023.104275"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-024-10346-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2019.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2001.01027.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2013.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-018-2943-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-4749-2-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051506"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01281"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.03.049"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23126698"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-015-3925-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312377"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000479"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01106-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000995"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4291\/wjgp.v9.i1.18"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000477205"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.75"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8030092"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-016-0207-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.63"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5041417"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41395-018-0084-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy376"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-019-01967-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2019.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041288"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.66"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13164749"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15061351"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14061830"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-324598"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.05.059"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2023.07.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640617736478"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2298246"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14615"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-017-0363-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i41.5918"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12463"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15403\/jgld-562"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15403\/jgld.2014.1121.251.srw"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_136_2","first-page":"412","article-title":"Normalization of lactulose breath testing correlates with symptom improvement in irritable bowel syndrome. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"98","author":"Pimentel M","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pimentel M, Chow EJ, Lin HC. Normalization of lactulose breath testing correlates with symptom improvement in irritable bowel syndrome. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 412\u2013419.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000557"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2014.106"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.06315-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7573\/dic.212526"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2024.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4078681"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557515666150722105705"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1004409"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2018.1460013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04606.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0b013e318223cb2b"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_149_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.655474"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-316794"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2018.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_152_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab718"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2018.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_154_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.09.038"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_155_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(17)30338-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319630"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2022.06.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_158_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-024-02046-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_159_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15330"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_160_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-020-02275-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_161_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.350"}],"container-title":["Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/17562848261424324","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/17562848261424324","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/17562848261424324","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T19:04:26Z","timestamp":1773255866000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/17562848261424324"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]]},"references-count":160,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/17562848261424324"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17562848261424324","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-2848","1756-2848"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-2848","type":"print"},{"value":"1756-2848","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]]},"article-number":"17562848261424324"}}