{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T08:24:04Z","timestamp":1793521444376,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ther Adv Neurol Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Recent changes to the legal status of cannabis across various countries have renewed interest in exploring its use in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). The use of cannabinoids for alleviation of motor symptoms has been extensively explored in pre-clinical studies. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p> We aim to systematically review and meta-analyze literature on the use of medical cannabis or its derivatives (MC) in PD patients to determine its effect on motor function and its safety profile. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p> We reviewed and analyzed original, full-text randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies. Primary outcomes were change in motor function and dyskinesia. Secondary outcomes included adverse events and side effects. All studies were analyzed for risk of bias. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Fifteen studies, including six RCTs, were analyzed. Of these, 12\/15 (80%) mention concomitant treatment with antiparkinsonian medications, most commonly levodopa. Primary outcomes were most often measured using the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) among RCTs and patient self-report of symptom improvement was widely used among observational studies. Most of the observational data lacking appropriate controls had effect estimates favoring the intervention. However, the controlled studies demonstrated no significant motor symptom improvement overall. The meta-analysis of three RCTs, including a total of 83 patients, did not demonstrate a statistically significant improvement in UPDRS III score variation (MD \u22120.21, 95% CI \u22124.15 to 3.72; p\u2009=\u20090.92) with MC use. Only one study reported statistically significant improvement in dyskinesia ( p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The intervention was generally well tolerated. All RCTs had a high risk of bias. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Although observational studies establish subjective symptom alleviation and interest in MC among PD patients, there is insufficient evidence to support its integration into clinical practice for motor symptom treatment. This is primarily due to lack of good quality data. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864211018561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]],"date-time":"2021-05-26T06:58:42Z","timestamp":1622012322000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Cannabis and its derivatives for the use of motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8948-1730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan J.","family":"Thanabalasingam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandan","family":"Ranjith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robyn","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Don Thiwanka","family":"Wijeratne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, Queen\u2019s University, Etherington Hall, Room 1018, 94 Stuart St., Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada, 613 533-2056"},{"name":"Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000252807.38124.a3"},{"key":"bibr2-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30295-3"},{"key":"bibr3-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2018.08.016"},{"key":"bibr4-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-015-0012-0"},{"key":"bibr5-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2015.07.002"},{"key":"bibr6-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-003-0033-7"},{"key":"bibr7-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/092986706779026156"},{"key":"bibr8-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20462"},{"key":"bibr9-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-020-02240-9"},{"key":"bibr10-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2008.00088.x"},{"key":"bibr11-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2004.11.009"},{"key":"bibr12-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.11.063"},{"key":"bibr13-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4892(02)00011-5"},{"key":"bibr14-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-019-00109-8"},{"key":"bibr15-17562864211018561","first-page":"45","volume":"41","author":"Berlekamp D","year":"2015","journal-title":"US Pharm"},{"key":"bibr16-17562864211018561","first-page":"111","volume":"64","author":"Allan GM","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"bibr17-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-015-0370-5"},{"key":"bibr18-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9758\/cpn.2017.15.4.301"},{"key":"bibr19-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/13816128113199990434"},{"key":"bibr20-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-5949.2008.00065.x"},{"key":"bibr21-17562864211018561","first-page":"19","volume":"24","author":"Corey S","year":"2005","journal-title":"P R Health Sci J"},{"key":"bibr22-17562864211018561","first-page":"800","volume":"15","author":"Nuthi M","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"bibr23-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10496475.2017.1312724"},{"key":"bibr24-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"bibr25-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898"},{"key":"bibr26-17562864211018561","first-page":"1","author":"Higgins JPT","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Methods"},{"key":"bibr27-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147601","volume":"11","author":"Modesti PA","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bibr28-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.06.033"},{"key":"bibr29-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/874849."},{"key":"bibr30-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.11.2108"},{"key":"bibr31-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000140288.48796.8E"},{"key":"bibr32-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-200405000-00003"},{"key":"bibr33-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881114550355"},{"key":"bibr34-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881119895536"},{"key":"bibr35-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25864"},{"key":"bibr36-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20111"},{"key":"bibr37-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(08)70608-4"},{"key":"bibr38-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0000000000000016"},{"key":"bibr39-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.942."},{"key":"bibr40-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0000000000000246"},{"key":"bibr41-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2017.07.002"},{"key":"bibr42-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-219001","volume":"11","author":"Yenilmez F","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"bibr43-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142301.ns1001s49."},{"key":"bibr44-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baga.2016.06.001"},{"key":"bibr45-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000363"},{"key":"bibr46-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154"},{"key":"bibr47-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.2014.985209"},{"key":"bibr48-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2006.11.005"},{"key":"bibr49-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2005.01.028"},{"key":"bibr50-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.7.5.607"},{"key":"bibr51-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.12.12"},{"key":"bibr52-17562864211018561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(13)70868-X"}],"container-title":["Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/17562864211018561","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/17562864211018561","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/17562864211018561","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T10:38:19Z","timestamp":1741084699000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/17562864211018561"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/17562864211018561"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17562864211018561","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-2864","1756-2864"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-2864","type":"print"},{"value":"1756-2864","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"article-number":"17562864211018561"}}