{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]],"date-time":"2026-04-05T09:39:56Z","timestamp":1775381996339,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001825","name":"Rose Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["T298\/28150\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T298\/28150\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ruhr-University Bochum, Medical Faculty","award":["F995-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F995-21"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ther Adv Neurol Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Pregnancy in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) is accompanied by a decline of relapse activity with increased risk of relapses 3\u2009months post-partum, for unknown reasons. Eomesodermin<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T-helper cells (Eomes<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> Th cells) are known to mediate neuroinflammation and disease progression in MS and are induced by prolactin-secreting cells. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Here, investigated immune cell alterations and the pathophysiological role of Eomes<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> Th cells for disease activity during pregnancy and post-partum in MS. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p> We enrolled n\u2009=\u200981 pregnant patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), n\u2009=\u200927 post-partum RRMS and n\u2009=\u200926 female RRMS control patients under the umbrella of the German Multiple Sclerosis and Pregnancy Registry. Clinical data were collected and immune cell alterations were analysed using flow cytometry. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p> While CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> Th cells were unaffected, CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cytotoxic T-cells were elevated post-partum ( p\u2009=\u20090.02) with reduced B-cell frequencies ( p\u2009=\u20090.01) compared to non-pregnant RRMS patients. NK cells were elevated during first trimester ( p\u2009=\u20090.02) compared to the third trimester. Frequencies of Eomes<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> Th and Eomes<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> Tc cells did not differ. There was no correlation of prolactin release and expression of Eomes<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> Th cells. However, Eomes<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> Th cells correlated with lower frequencies of regulatory T-cells during second ( r\u2009=\u2009\u22120.42; p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and third trimester ( r\u2009=\u2009\u22120.37; p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Moreover, Eomes<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> Th cells correlated with frequencies of B-cells during third trimester ( r\u2009=\u20090.54; p\u2009=\u20090.02). Frequencies of Eomes<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> Th cells were not associated with the number of relapses before pregnancy, during pregnancy or post-partum. However, Eomes<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> Th cells strongly correlated with disability post-partum as assessed using the EDSS ( r\u2009=\u20090.52; p\u2009=\u20090.009). <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Pregnancy in MS is associated with robust immunological alterations. Eomes<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> Th cells are capable of inducing immune cell alterations during the course of pregnancy, most evident during the second and third trimester as shown with a correlation of reduced Treg cells and a significant increase of B-cells. Importantly, Eomes<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> Th cells correlate with disability post-partum. In summary, during late pregnancy in MS an inflammatory, cytotoxic and dysregulated immunological environment is primed gaining function post-delivery. This may be responsible for post-partum disability accumulation. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864241229321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T11:57:07Z","timestamp":1708084627000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Eomesodermin-expressing CD4+ Th cells and association with pregnancy in multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3412-762X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Faissner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Gudrunstr. 56, Bochum 44791, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marielena","family":"Bongert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum, 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