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Increases in glutamate levels in the brain and plasma of migraine patients have been reported, but less is known about the association between liver enzymes, such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) that regulate blood glutamate levels and migraine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We evaluated associations between AST, ALT, and GGT levels across the quartiles and a history of probable\/defined migraine in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included 11,718 participants with measured liver enzyme levels and self-reported data on migraine with and without aura. Multiple logistic regression models were used to assess associations of sex-specific quartiles of liver enzymes with probable\/definite migraine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 1626 probable\/definite migraine events were reported in 1993\u20131995. After adjustment for age, race-center, and sex, higher levels of AST, ALT, and GGT were associated with a lower prevalence of migraine. The adjusted odds ratios (95% CIs) for migraine for Q1 versus Q4 levels of AST, ALT, and GGT were 1.24 (1.06\u20131.45), 1.17 (1.00\u20131.37) and 1.21 (1.03\u20131.41), respectively. Analysis by yes\/no aura showed higher odds of migraine without aura for lower (Q1) compared with higher (Q4) levels of ALT (adjusted OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.05\u20131.82), while no significant association was observed between enzyme levels and prevalence of migraine with aura.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings suggest that higher AST, ALT, and GGT levels are associated with a lower prevalence of migraine. Although the exact mechanisms linking lower blood levels of AST, ALT, and GGT to migraines remain unclear, their association may be explained by inefficient plasma glutamate regulation, which could play a role in migraine pathology. This finding is important for patients as it sheds light on potential metabolic contributions to migraines, supporting the hypothesis that factors beyond traditional neurovascular theories are involved.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864251370097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T07:45:46Z","timestamp":1757749546000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Association between liver enzyme levels and prevalence of migraine: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1091-8854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Ruban","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Grey Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, P.O. 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