{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T03:01:50Z","timestamp":1782961310112,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ther Adv Neurol Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (POMS), accounting for ~5% of all MS cases, is a chronic immune-mediated demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system. Relapse prevention remains a challenge, and B cells play a central role in the pathogenesis. Ofatumumab (OFA), a fully human anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, is approved for adult MS. To assess the safety and efficacy of off-label OFA use in pediatric MS patients. We retrospectively analyzed clinical data from four pediatric patients with MS who received OFA. Retrospective case series. Four pediatric MS patients received OFA as disease-modifying treatment at ages ranging from 9.7 to 12.8\u2009years for durations between 6 and 20\u2009months. Three patients received OFA treatment for uncontrolled relapses, while one switched from rituximab. After the initial treatment phase of OFA, B-cell depletion was achieved in three patients, and this depletion was not consistently maintained throughout the maintenance phase. All patients remained relapse-free, with no new or enlarging T2 lesions or contrast-enhancing lesions observed on MRI or EDSS progression. The annual relapse rate after OFA treatment decreased compared with that before OFA treatment. One patient reported mild adverse events, including transient fever and atopic dermatitis, all of which were manageable. Ofatumumab showed favorable tolerability and potential benefit in this small pediatric MS cohort. Its subcutaneous administration offers practical advantages. While these findings suggest feasibility, the limited evidence precludes clinical recommendation at this stage. Larger prospective studies are warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864251381173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T10:54:58Z","timestamp":1760784898000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Ofatumumab in pediatric multiple sclerosis: a case series"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6970-4722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenlin","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanping","family":"Ran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haixia","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenxiao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Xiong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelu","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiling","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Houliang","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulin","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinting","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolan","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No.9, Jinsui Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou City 510623, Guangdong Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 9, Jinsui Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou City 510623, Guangdong Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5469-2001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaojing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 9, Jinsui Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou City 510623, Guangdong Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05058-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105435"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2023.05.005"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","article-title":"Targeting B cells to modify MS, NMOSD, and MOGAD: Part 2","volume":"8","author":"Graf J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Graf J, Mares J, Barnett M, et al. Targeting B cells to modify MS, NMOSD, and MOGAD: Part 2. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2021; 8(1): e919.","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105849"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106263"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","first-page":"8","article-title":"Therapeutic antibodies: what have we learnt from targeting CD20 and where are we going?","author":"Marshall MJE","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marshall MJE, Stopforth RJ, Cragg MS. Therapeutic antibodies: what have we learnt from targeting CD20 and where are we going? Front Immunol 2017; 8.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-023-00518-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","article-title":"Targeting B cells to modify MS, NMOSD, and MOGAD: Part 1","volume":"8","author":"Graf J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Graf J, Mares J, Barnett M, Aktas O, et al. Targeting B cells to modify MS, NMOSD, and MOGAD: Part 1. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2021; 8(1): e918.","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e40680"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30470-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517751049"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513484547"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585211044479"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1917246"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.5566"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-024-02011-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08923973.2024.2330642"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2024.12.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16228"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181e24373"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1601277"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1606468"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-023-01300-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585221078825"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11197-6"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","article-title":"Health-economic benefits of anti-CD20 treatments in relapsing multiple sclerosis estimated using a treatment-sequence model","volume":"9","author":"Smets I","year":"2023","unstructured":"Smets I, Versteegh M, Huygens S, et al. Health-economic benefits of anti-CD20 treatments in relapsing multiple sclerosis estimated using a treatment-sequence model. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 2023; 9(3): 20552173231189398.","journal-title":"Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm15040155"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18061249"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585221079731"}],"container-title":["Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/17562864251381173","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/17562864251381173","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/17562864251381173","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T13:18:32Z","timestamp":1761052712000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/17562864251381173"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/17562864251381173"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17562864251381173","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-2864","1756-2864"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-2864","type":"print"},{"value":"1756-2864","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"article-number":"17562864251381173"}}