{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T16:18:02Z","timestamp":1789402682993,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"ministero della salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ther Adv Neurol Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The advancements in assays for the detection of neuroglial markers of damage, such as neurofilament light chain and glial fibrillary acid protein, have led to a growing interest in their investigation in neurological disorders. In this review, we aim to summarize evidence regarding the role of biomarkers of neuroglial damage in autoimmune neurological disorders of the central nervous system, including myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, autoimmune encephalitis, and paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. We will discuss how these biomarkers can help our understanding of disease mechanisms and how these results can be potentially translated into clinical practice, helping clinicians in the differential diagnosis, in prognostication, and prediction of the risk of relapse.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864261433329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T05:36:17Z","timestamp":1775280977000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Neuroglial markers of damage in autoimmune neurology"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3249-4792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Dinoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology IV\u2014Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, Milan 20133, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Mariotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0058-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.12.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.101009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-024-01014-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12861-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2025.578781"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.885218"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00431-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2024-333463"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.3115"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10026-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011153"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12452-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001729"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000000742"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515581438"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11910-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1904655"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30066-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31817-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1900866"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26626"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30078-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1901747"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15479"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517731914"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.866824"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","article-title":"Serum neurofilament light chain in NMOSD and related disorders: comparison according to aquaporin-4 and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies status","volume":"3","author":"Mariotto S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mariotto S, Farinazzo A, Monaco S, et al. Serum neurofilament light chain in NMOSD and related disorders: comparison according to aquaporin-4 and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies status. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 2017; 3: 2055217317743098.","journal-title":"Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585211063756"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105729"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15549"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.647618"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200347"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000708"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-320287"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.102833"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2024-335137"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02138-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585221081090"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.754518"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad063"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","first-page":"109","article-title":"Biomarkers to predict relapse in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"97","author":"Andersen J","year":"2026","unstructured":"Andersen J, Trewin BP, Dale RC, et al. Biomarkers to predict relapse in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2026; 97(2): 109\u2013119.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181e2414b"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2013.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008160"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12014-024-09466-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2020.11.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51070"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.031482"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2024.4400"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585211024978"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000965"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.720907"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864211054952"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26067"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2022-330412"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.746959"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200045"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2023.2148657"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2020.116986"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200432"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02450-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-322286"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_2","article-title":"Serum biomarker profiles discriminate AQP4 seropositive and double seronegative neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"11","author":"Carta S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Carta S, Dinoto A, Capobianco M, et al. Serum biomarker profiles discriminate AQP4 seropositive and double seronegative neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2023; 11: e200188.","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000883"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26812"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000980"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2024.110746"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000001270"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.99"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121364"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30244-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22307"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx323"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70051-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-325302"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-325300"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-022-00943-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-019-0194-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad169"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-0359-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-325275"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.719432"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09306-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207221"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.70158"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200431"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac090"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_95_2","article-title":"Early neuroaxonal damage in neurologic disorders associated with GAD65 antibodies","volume":"11","author":"Eisenhut K","year":"2023","unstructured":"Eisenhut K, Faber J, Engels D, et al. Early neuroaxonal damage in neurologic disorders associated with GAD65 antibodies. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2023; 11: e200176.","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.689975"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.52305"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200346"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15469"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001039"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10642-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12942"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200491"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011937"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14631"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1583892"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00463-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200498"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000201465"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05838-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.70207"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51284"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2013.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10061262"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2017.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.101011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.35328"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104955"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200287"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-002732"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14692"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20450907.2024.2386233"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/omcr\/omae058"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.691509"}],"container-title":["Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/17562864261433329","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/17562864261433329","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/17562864261433329","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T03:46:22Z","timestamp":1775447182000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/17562864261433329"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":123,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/17562864261433329"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17562864261433329","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-2864","1756-2864"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-2864","type":"print"},{"value":"1756-2864","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"article-number":"17562864261433329"}}