{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:15:33Z","timestamp":1787019333475,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Therapeutic Advances in Urology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Men with chronic scrotal content pain (CSCP) commonly present to various providers within the healthcare system. Despite its prevalence, little research has been done to understand risk factors for the development of CSCP. In many cases, the cause of pain is unknown, and there are no widely accepted protocols for evaluation or management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterize associated symptoms and concomitant concerns of those presenting with CSCP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design and methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective review of validated questionnaires including the Chronic Orchialgia Symptom Index (COSI), the internal index of erectile function, the NIH-chronic prostatitis symptom index, the American Urological Association symptom index\/international prostate symptom score, the hip dysfunction and osteoarthritis outcome score, the Oswestry low back pain questionnaire, the patient health questionnaire-9, the general anxiety disorder-7, and a comprehensive intake form on men presenting to a single urologist\u2019s office with CSCP was performed. The analysis included constructing linear best-fit lines between subjective chronic testicular pain rating and other numerical rating scales.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Questionnaires from 94 male patients were reviewed. The average pain subscore on the COSI was 8.00 out of 17. When assessing the association between pain and other domains, more severe chronic scrotal pain was associated with worse pain in and around the genitourinary system (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), worse urinary symptoms (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001), worse hip (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001) and back (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) symptoms, worse sexual function (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.025), and worse anxiety (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.019) and depression (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003) symptoms. Patients in our study were found to have a wide variety of presentations with differing aggravating and relieving factors, urological and surgical histories, and interventions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Men presenting with CSCP may present with many co-occurring symptoms. More severe scrotal content pain may be associated with worse symptoms in multiple other domains. In order to create a personalized treatment plan, a more comprehensive understanding of these men is critical. Future studies should focus on further developing a standardized approach for assessing these patients and how directed interventions on associated symptoms may impact outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/17562872251348009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T06:24:56Z","timestamp":1753079096000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Characterizing patients with chronic scrotal content pain: a retrospective review of clinical presentations"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3413-0612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob","family":"Lam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Dr, Iowa City, IA 52242-1009, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Solsrud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otolaryngology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Pearlman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prime Institute, Coral Gables, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","first-page":"74","article-title":"Evaluation and management of chronic scrotal content pain-a common yet poorly understood condition","volume":"21","author":"Ziegelmann MJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ziegelmann MJ, Farrell MR, Levine LA. 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