{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T16:17:14Z","timestamp":1789143434502,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,14]],"date-time":"2013-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1381708800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Perspect Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title><jats:p> The current review will look at modifiable lifestyle (physical inactivity, poor nutrition, risky alcohol behavior and cigarette smoking) and cardio-metabolic (obesity, diabetes mellitus, high cholesterol and high blood pressure) cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among Indigenous-Fijian and Indo-Fijian subgroups. A framework for monitoring and managing these risk factors will be presented. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p> National health surveys were identified where available. Electronic databases identified sources for filling missing data. The most relevant data were identified, organized and synthesized. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Compared to Indo-Fijians, Indigenous-Fijians have higher rates of obesity (17% vs 11%) and hypertension (21% vs 16%), but lower rates of diabetes mellitus (12% vs 21%) and high cholesterol (33% vs 39%). Indigenous-Fijians report higher rates of prescribed physical activity (25% vs 21%), but poorer recommended vegetable intake (48% vs 56%), greater risky alcohol behavior (17% vs 15%) and a much greater prevalence of cigarette smoking (45% vs 24%). Both Indigenous-Fijians and Indo-Fijians report a low prevalence of recommended fruit intake (17% vs 15%). <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Fiji is progressing through demographic and epidemiological transitions, including a decline in infectious diseases and improved life expectancy. However, in concert with other developing nations, \u2018modernization\u2019 is accompanied by increased mortality from non-communicable diseases, with CVD being the most prevalent. This transition has been associated with changes to socio-cultural aspects of Fiji, including poor lifestyle choices that may contribute to a cluster of cardio-metabolic conditions which precede CVD. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1757913913500045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,15]],"date-time":"2013-10-15T01:39:33Z","timestamp":1381801173000},"page":"75-84","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A conceptual framework for managing modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in Fiji"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"135","author":[{"given":"Trevor","family":"Witter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Poudevigne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health & Fitness Management Program, Office of the Dean, Clayton State University, Morrow, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle M","family":"Lambrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Faulkner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam A","family":"Lucero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Lane G","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A","family":"Tarrant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warnell School of Forestry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Stoner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1757913913500045","volume-title":"Non-Communicable Diseases and Control: National Strategic Plan 2010\u20132014","author":"Ministry of Health (MOH)","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr2-1757913913500045","unstructured":"Carter K, Margarat C, Taylor R, An assessment of mortality estimates for Fiji, 1949\u20132008: Findings and life tables. 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