{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T02:57:24Z","timestamp":1782615444736,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,20]],"date-time":"2016-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468972800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Perspect Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title><jats:p> (1) To estimate the concentrations of fluoride in drinking water throughout different zones and districts of the state of Karnataka. (2) To investigate the variation of fluoride concentration in drinking water from different sources, and its relationships to daily temperature and rainfall status in the regional districts. (3) To develop an updated fluoride concentration intensity map of the state of Karnataka, and to evaluate these data in the context of fluoride-related health effects such as fluorosis and their prevalence. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Aqueous standard solutions of 10, 100 and 1,000\u2009ppm fluoride (F<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>) were prepared with analytical grade Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/F<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> and a buffer; TISAB II was incorporated in both calibration standard and analysis solutions in order to remove the potentially interfering effects of trace metal ions. This analysis was performed using an ion-selective electrode (ISE), and mean determination readings for n\u2009=\u20095 samples collected at each Karnataka water source were recorded. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p> The F<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> concentration in drinking water in Karnataka state was found to vary substantially, with the highest mean values recorded being in the north-eastern zone (1.61\u2009ppm), and the lowest in the south-western one (only 0.41\u2009ppm). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) demonstrated that there were very highly significant \u2018between-zone\u2019 and \u2018between-districts-within-zones\u2019 sources of variation ( p\u2009&lt;\u200910<jats:sup>\u22125<\/jats:sup>\u201310<jats:sup>\u22129<\/jats:sup>), results consistent with a substantial spatial variance of water source F<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> levels within this state. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p> The southern part of Karnataka has low levels of F<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> in its drinking water, and may require fluoridation treatment in order to mitigate for dental caries and further ailments related to fluoride deficiency. However, districts within the north-eastern region have contrastingly high levels of fluoride, an observation which has been linked to dental and skeletal fluorosis. This highlights a major requirement for interventional actions in order to ensure maintenance of the recommended range of fluoride concentrations (0.8\u20131.5\u2009ppm) in Karnataka\u2019s drinking water sources. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1757913915626744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,4]],"date-time":"2016-02-04T02:29:10Z","timestamp":1454552950000},"page":"353-360","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Spatial distribution mapping of drinking water fluoride levels in Karnataka, India: fluoride-related health effects"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"Chitta R","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology & Genomic Studies, A B Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Nitte University, Mangalore, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khijmatgar","family":"Shahnawaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology & Genomic Studies, A B Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Nitte University, Mangalore, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Divya","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology & Genomic Studies, A B Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Nitte University, Mangalore, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avidyuti","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Child Dental Health Taskforce, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raman","family":"Bedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for International Dental Child Health, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warwick Dentistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stewart","family":"Harding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City of London Dental School, BPP University, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Grootveld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1757913915626744","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08959374940080010601"},{"key":"bibr2-1757913915626744","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016358109162285"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr3-1757913915626744","first-page":"486","volume":"95","author":"Eklund SA","year":"1980","journal-title":"Public Health Reports"},{"key":"bibr4-1757913915626744","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebdp.2014.02.004"},{"key":"bibr5-1757913915626744","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034510384626"},{"key":"bibr6-1757913915626744","first-page":"CD003809","volume":"12","author":"Benson PE","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"bibr7-1757913915626744","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5644\/ama2006-124.85"},{"key":"bibr8-1757913915626744","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980070051"},{"key":"bibr9-1757913915626744","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4801410"},{"key":"bibr10-1757913915626744","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.2001.tb00561.x"},{"key":"bibr11-1757913915626744","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1985.tb01677.x"},{"key":"bibr12-1757913915626744","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595X.2007.tb00116.x"},{"key":"bibr13-1757913915626744","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17796\/jcpd.35.1.u6vm217421w3h521"},{"key":"bibr14-1757913915626744","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-7325.2010.00169.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr15-1757913915626744","first-page":"5","volume":"48","author":"Montero M","year":"2007","journal-title":"Investigaci\u00f3n Clinica"},{"key":"bibr16-1757913915626744","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-7325.1995.tb02373.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr17-1757913915626744","first-page":"155","volume":"52","author":"Rajkovic\u2019 MB","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Agricultural Sciences"},{"key":"bibr18-1757913915626744","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2004.00175.x"},{"key":"bibr19-1757913915626744","unstructured":"British Fluoridation Society. 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