{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:27:17Z","timestamp":1790807237067,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"NIHR","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NIHR160326"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR160326"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Perspect Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dark kitchens \u2013 technology-enabled commercial kitchen(s) operating primarily for delivery, to fulfil remote, on-demand, consumer online orders of food for immediate consumption \u2013 are a contemporary addition to the food environment. There are growing concerns around the impact of these food businesses on wider determinants of health, with a paucity of guidelines, regulations and oversight of the dark kitchen sector. This work explored the perceptions of dark kitchens from multiple stakeholder perspectives.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study recruited key stakeholders (consumers, those working in local authorities and dark kitchens) and applied mixed-methods approaches to explore the definition, identification and regulation of dark kitchens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results show confusion and inconsistencies in the way that consumers, local authority departments and other stakeholders define, identify and regulate dark kitchens, resulting in current regulation being difficult to implement. Where local authorities worked cross-departmentally, a more consistent approach to regulating dark kitchens was observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The potential risks of dark kitchens to food safety, food hypersensitivities and public health agendas are not fully known and warrant further research and policy development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/17579139261448852","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T06:00:07Z","timestamp":1780984807000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Defining, identifying and regulating dark kitchens in the North of England: perspectives from consumer, local authority and food business stakeholders"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9861-3379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"JD","family":"Beaumont","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheffield Business School, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0974-479X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J","family":"Pearce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheffield Business School, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1983-4027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R","family":"Rundle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheffield Business School, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5935-8187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S","family":"Bowles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheffield Business School, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7044-469X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheffield Business School, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0111-1178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C","family":"Wall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheffield Business School, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Harness","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheffield Business School, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4657-8938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"AA","family":"Lake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health &amp; Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK"},{"name":"Fuse, The Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2072-6602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L","family":"Nield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheffield Centre for Health and Related Research (SCHARR), Division of Population Health, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"Food Standards Agency. Available online at: https:\/\/www.food.gov.uk\/ (2024 accessed 11 February 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13720"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/41822"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17579139251371997"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","volume-title":"National planning policy framework","author":"Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government. National planning policy framework. London: Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government; 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","unstructured":"UK Government. The town and country planning (use classes) (amendment) (England) regulations 2020 2020. Available online at: https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/uksi\/2020\/757"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nbu.12672"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43546-023-00536-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2025.103462"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665123002677"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","unstructured":"Office for Health Improvement and Disparities. Wider Determinants of Health: statistical commentary on the location of fast food outlets February 2025. Available online at: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistics\/wider-determinants-of-health-february-2025-update\/wider-determinants-of-health-statistical-commentary-february-2025 (2025 accessed 11 February 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2019.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.24127"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13356"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgfs.2024.100884"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.111768"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/nihropenres.13735.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","unstructured":"Food Standards Agency. Food hygiene rating scheme. Available online at: https:\/\/www.food.gov.uk\/safety-hygiene\/food-hygiene-rating-scheme (2022 accessed 11 February 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","unstructured":"Food Standards Agency. Food hygiene ratings. Available online at: https:\/\/ratings.food.gov.uk\/ (2024 accessed 11 February 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics. Census 2021 paper questionnaires. Available online at: https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/census\/censustransformationprogramme\/questiondevelopment\/census2021paperquestionnaires (2020 accessed 11 February 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3828\/tpr.2025.11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-69909-7_3470-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.128132"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-018-0699-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2021.102498"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11953-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","volume-title":"Health in all policies: a manual for local government","author":"Local Government Association","year":"2016","unstructured":"Local Government Association. Health in all policies: a manual for local government. London: Local Government Association; 2016."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/17579139231187492","article-title":"Regulatory mechanisms to create healthier environments: planning appeals and hot food takeaways in England","volume":"143","author":"O\u2019Malley CL","year":"2023","unstructured":"O\u2019Malley CL, Lake AA, Moore HJ, et al. Regulatory mechanisms to create healthier environments: planning appeals and hot food takeaways in England. Perspect Public Health 2023;143(6):313\u201323.","journal-title":"Perspect Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","unstructured":"Gerrard J. I I run my takeaway business from school kitchens. BBC News 6 November 2024. Available online at: https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/c238gll2e8eo"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","unstructured":"Office for Product Safety and Standards. Primary authority overview. Available online at: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/primary-authority-overview (2019 accessed 11 February 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","unstructured":"Crawford A Benjamin A. Trust \u2018undermined\u2019 by food delivery firms over hygiene. BBC News 26 June 2019. Available online at: https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/uk-48705066"}],"container-title":["Perspectives in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/17579139261448852","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/17579139261448852","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/17579139261448852","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T07:52:02Z","timestamp":1781250722000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/17579139261448852"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/17579139261448852"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17579139261448852","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-9139","1757-9147"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1757-9139","type":"print"},{"value":"1757-9147","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"article-number":"17579139261448852"}}