{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T19:22:15Z","timestamp":1793215335388,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4_suppl","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]],"date-time":"2013-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1385856000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Glob Health Promot"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Motorcycles are an important form of transportation in Uganda, and are involved in more road traffic injuries than any other vehicle. The majority of motorcycles in Uganda are used as motorcycle taxis, better known locally as boda bodas. Research shows that a motorcycle helmet is effective at reducing a rider\u2019s risk of death and head injury. As part of the Uganda Helmet Vaccine Initiative (UHVI), researchers collected baseline and formative evaluation data on boda boda operators\u2019 helmet attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to inform UHVI activities. Researchers collected data on motorcycle helmet-related attitudes and beliefs through focus group discussions and structured roadside interviews, and researchers conducted roadside observations to collect data on helmet-wearing behaviors. Of the 12,189 motorcycle operators and passengers observed during roadside observations, 30.8% of drivers and &lt;1% of passengers were wearing helmets. The most commonly reported helmet-wearing barriers from the focus group discussions and structured roadside interviews were: (1) \u2018Helmet is uncomfortable\u2019, (2) \u2018Helmet is too hot\u2019, (3) \u2018Helmet is too expensive\u2019, and (4) \u2018Helmet is of low quality\u2019. Researchers incorporated findings from the formative research into the UHVI campaign to increase motorcycle helmet use. Radio messages addressing helmet comfort and cost were widely aired throughout Kampala, Uganda. In addition, campaign staff held nine boda boda operator workshops, covering approximately 900 operators, in which the facilitator addressed barriers and facilitators to helmet use. Each workshop participant received a high-quality tropical motorcycle helmet. UHVI will continue to use a data-driven approach to future campaign activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1757975913509657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,10]],"date-time":"2014-04-10T01:26:00Z","timestamp":1397093160000},"page":"37-44","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Using baseline and formative evaluation data to inform the Uganda Helmet Vaccine Initiative"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Douglas R.","family":"Roehler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"},{"name":"McNeal Professional Services, USA"},{"name":"University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca B.","family":"Naumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"},{"name":"University of North Carolina, Gillings School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boniface","family":"Mutatina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Injury Control Center Uganda, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mable","family":"Nakitto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Injury Control Center Uganda, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Mwanje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Helmet Vaccine Initiative, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lotte","family":"Brondum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asia Injury Prevention Foundation, Hanoi, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Blanchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Union for Health Promotion and Education, Saint-Denis, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grant T.","family":"Baldwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann M.","family":"Dellinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1757975913509657","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global status report on road safety: time for action. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2013."},{"key":"bibr2-1757975913509657","unstructured":"Peden M, Scurfield R, Sleet D, Mohan D, Hyder AA, Jarawan E, World report on road traffic injury prevention. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2004."},{"key":"bibr3-1757975913509657","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2004.04.006"},{"key":"bibr4-1757975913509657","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203305331_chapter_7"},{"key":"bibr5-1757975913509657","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.12.031"},{"key":"bibr6-1757975913509657","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300563"},{"key":"bibr7-1757975913509657","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/icsp.10.1.3.14109"},{"key":"bibr8-1757975913509657","author":"Uganda Bureau of Statistics","year":"2011","journal-title":"Uganda Bureau of Statistics"},{"key":"bibr9-1757975913509657","author":"Uganda Bureau of Statistics","year":"2010","journal-title":"Uganda Bureau of Statistics;"},{"key":"bibr10-1757975913509657","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2004.007682"},{"key":"bibr11-1757975913509657","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040170"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr12-1757975913509657","first-page":"33","volume":"14","author":"Galukande M","year":"2009","journal-title":"East and Central Africa Journal of Surgery"},{"key":"bibr13-1757975913509657","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"Liu BC","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Cochrane Collaboration"},{"key":"bibr14-1757975913509657","unstructured":"Hurt HH, Quellet JV, Thomas DR. Motorcycle accident cause factors and the identification of countermeasures. Washington, DC, USA: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 1981 (DOT HS 805\u2013862\u20133)."},{"key":"bibr15-1757975913509657","unstructured":"Injury Control Center \u2013 Uganda. Helmet use in commercial motorcyclists in Kampala: prevalence, associated factors, and outcomes of motorcycle-related injuries. Kampala, Uganda: Injury Control Center; 2007. (Study funded by the World Health Organization)."},{"key":"bibr16-1757975913509657","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2010.029215.660"},{"key":"bibr17-1757975913509657","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(88)90043-7"},{"key":"bibr18-1757975913509657","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5249\/jivr.v2i1.26"},{"key":"bibr19-1757975913509657","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2008.05.002"},{"key":"bibr20-1757975913509657","unstructured":"Bareebe G. (2010, March 29). Museveni orders halt to \u2018boda boda\u2019 arrests. The Citizen. Retrieved from www.thecitizen.co.tz"},{"key":"bibr21-1757975913509657","unstructured":"Zaal D. Traffic law enforcement: a review of the literature. Melbourne, Australia: Monash University Accident Research Centre; 1994 (Report No. 53)."},{"key":"bibr22-1757975913509657","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(98)00071-2"},{"key":"bibr23-1757975913509657","unstructured":"Siegel M, Doner L. Marketing public health: strategies to promote social change. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers; 2004."},{"key":"bibr24-1757975913509657","unstructured":"Cameron MH, Haworth N, Oxley J, Newstead S, Le T. Evaluation of transport accident commission road safety television advertising. Victoria, Australia: Monash University; 1993."},{"key":"bibr25-1757975913509657","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(98)00074-8"},{"key":"bibr26-1757975913509657","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global Health Observatory (GHO): Distribution of road traffic deaths by type of road user. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2010."},{"key":"bibr27-1757975913509657","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17457300.2011.603426"}],"container-title":["Global Health Promotion"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1757975913509657","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1757975913509657","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1757975913509657","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T22:04:49Z","timestamp":1777586689000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1757975913509657"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4_suppl","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1757975913509657"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1757975913509657","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-9759","1757-9767"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1757-9759","type":"print"},{"value":"1757-9767","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}}}