{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T06:26:52Z","timestamp":1777876012741,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,6]],"date-time":"2016-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1459900800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Shoulder &amp; Elbow"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lateral epicondylitis (LE) occurs in almost half of all tennis players. Racket-string tension is considered to be an important factor influencing the development of LE. No literature yet exists that substantiates how string-tension affects force transmission to the elbow, as implicated in LE development. We establish a quantitative relationship between string-tension and elbow loading, analyzing tennis strokes using rackets with varying string-tensions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty recreational tennis players simulated backhand tennis strokes using three rackets strung at tensions of 200\u2009N, 222\u2009N and 245\u2009N. Accelerometers recorded accelerations at the elbow, wrist and racket handle. Average peak acceleration was determined to correlate string-tension with elbow loading.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Statistically significant differences ( p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) were observed when average peak acceleration at the elbow at 200\u2009N string-tension (acceleration of 5.58\u2009m\/s\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) was compared with that at 222\u2009N tension (acceleration of 6.83\u2009m\/s\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) and 245\u2009N tension (acceleration of 7.45\u2009m\/s\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). The 200\u2009N racket induced the least acceleration at the elbow.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although parameters determining force transmission to the elbow during a tennis stroke are complex, the present study was able to control these parameters, isolating the effect of string-tension. Lower string-tensions transmit less force to the elbow in backhand strokes. Reducing string-tension should be considered favourably with respect to reducing the risk of developing LE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1758573216640201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,8]],"date-time":"2016-04-08T14:24:45Z","timestamp":1460125485000},"page":"184-191","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Racquet string tension directly affects force experienced at the elbow: implications for the development of lateral epicondylitis in tennis players"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Badri R","family":"Mohandhas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Motion Analysis and Research (IMAR), TORT Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Navnit","family":"Makaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Motion Analysis and Research (IMAR), TORT Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim S","family":"Drew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Motion Analysis and Research (IMAR), TORT Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weijie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Motion Analysis and Research (IMAR), TORT Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Graham P","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Motion Analysis and Research (IMAR), TORT Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rami J","family":"Abboud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Motion Analysis and Research (IMAR), TORT Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1758573216640201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658901700215"},{"key":"bibr2-1758573216640201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(98)90097-3"},{"key":"bibr3-1758573216640201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00180221"},{"key":"bibr4-1758573216640201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199902000-00014"},{"key":"bibr5-1758573216640201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658601400303"},{"key":"bibr6-1758573216640201","first-page":"245","volume":"21","author":"Runge F","year":"1873","journal-title":"Berlin Klin 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